Animal models to study acute and chronic intestinal inflammation in mammals.
Animal models to study acute and chronic intestinal inflammation in mammals.
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DOI：
10.1186/s13099-015-0076-y
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Uwiera RR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jiminez JA;Uwiera TC;Douglas Inglis G;Uwiera RR
肠道的急性和慢性炎症性疾病对人类和非人类哺乳动物的健康和福祉产生重大的负面影响。了解炎症性疾病的潜在机制是制定有效治疗和预防策略的必要条件。由于炎症性疾病的病因是多因素的，使用适当的动物模型和相关的疾病指标是必不可少的。在这方面，对单独使用或联合使用的动物模型与常用的炎症诱导剂配对研究哺乳动物肠道急慢性炎症疾病进行了综述。这包括炎症的化学和生物刺激物，以及非哺乳动物（即线虫、昆虫和鱼类）和哺乳动物（即啮齿动物、兔子、猪、反刍动物、狗和非人灵长类动物）的肠道炎症模型，包括无菌、非生物、手术和转基因动物。重要的是，化学和生物刺激物通过多种机制诱导炎症，肠道炎症和损伤可以根据所使用的刺激物和动物模型而有很大差异，这使得研究可以确定炎症的长期和短期影响。因此，研究人员和临床医生应该意识到用于研究哺乳动物肠道急慢性炎症性疾病的各种动物模型的相对优势和局限性，以及基于这些知识可实现的结果的范围和相关性。诱导炎症模拟常见人类疾病的能力是成功动物模型的一个重要因素，然而其他疾病机制，如诱导疾病的感染因子的数量、侵袭机制以及各种生理变化对诱导损伤的影响也是重要的特征。在许多情况下，需要使用多种动物模型并结合化学和生物刺激剂来回答有关肠道疾病的具体问题。在某些动物模型中，一些刺激剂可诱导急性反应，而另一些则可用于诱导慢性反应；本综述旨在说明每种动物模型的优缺点，并指导选择适当的急性或慢性刺激物来促进肠道疾病。
Acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestine impart a significant and negative impact on the health and well-being of human and non-human mammalian animals. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of inflammatory disease is mandatory to develop effective treatment and prevention strategies. As inflammatory disease etiologies are multifactorial, the use of appropriate animal models and associated metrics of disease are essential. In this regard, animal models used alone or in combination to study acute and chronic inflammatory disease of the mammalian intestine paired with commonly used inflammation-inducing agents are reviewed. This includes both chemical and biological incitants of inflammation, and both non-mammalian (i.e. nematodes, insects, and fish) and mammalian (i.e. rodents, rabbits, pigs, ruminants, dogs, and non-human primates) models of intestinal inflammation including germ-free, gnotobiotic, as well as surgical, and genetically modified animals. Importantly, chemical and biological incitants induce inflammation via a multitude of mechanisms, and intestinal inflammation and injury can vary greatly according to the incitant and animal model used, allowing studies to ascertain both long-term and short-term effects of inflammation. Thus, researchers and clinicians should be aware of the relative strengths and limitations of the various animal models used to study acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the mammalian intestine, and the scope and relevance of outcomes achievable based on this knowledge. The ability to induce inflammation to mimic common human diseases is an important factor of a successful animal model, however other mechanisms of disease such as the amount of infective agent to induce disease, invasion mechanisms, and the effect various physiologic changes can have on inducing damage are also important features. In many cases, the use of multiple animal models in combination with both chemical and biological incitants is necessary to answer the specific question being addressed regarding intestinal disease. Some incitants can induce acute responses in certain animal models while others can be used to induce chronic responses; this review aims to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses in each animal model and to guide the choice of an appropriate acute or chronic incitant to facilitate intestinal disease.