Effort-based cost-benefit valuation and the human brain.
Effort-based cost-benefit valuation and the human brain.
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DOI：
10.1523/jneurosci.4515-08.2009
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发表时间：
2009-04-08
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Rushworth MF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Croxson PL;Walton ME;O'Reilly JX;Behrens TE;Rushworth MF
在野外和实验室中，动物对一种行动方案的偏好不仅反映了对回报的期望，还反映了在追求该行动方案时必须投入的努力成本。腹侧纹状体和背侧前扣带回皮质(ACCD)参与了大鼠的成本效益决策，但几乎没有关于努力成本是如何处理的信息，以及影响包括人类在内的其他哺乳动物预期净值的计算。我们进行了一项功能磁共振成像(FMRI)研究，以确定人脑中的活动是否以及在哪里可用来指导基于努力的成本效益评估。受试者在进行一系列努力行动以获得二次补强时进行扫描。在每次试验开始时，受试者会看到八种不同的视觉线索中的一种，这些线索表明了行动过程需要付出多少努力，以及完成时可以期待多少回报。腹侧纹状体和中脑的线索锁定活动反映了行为过程的净值，表明预期的奖赏金额减去了投入的努力数量。ACCD中的活动也反映了预期回报和努力成本的相互作用。然而，后眼眶额叶和岛叶的活动只反映了预期的奖励大小。腹侧纹状体和前扣带回皮质可能是灵长类动物和大鼠基于努力的成本效益评估的底物。
In both the wild and the laboratory, animals' preferences for one course of action over another reflect not just reward expectations but also the cost in terms of effort that must be invested in pursuing the course of action. The ventral striatum and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACCd) are implicated in the making of cost-benefit decisions in the rat but there is little information about how effort costs are processed and influence calculations of expected net value in other mammals including the human. We carried out a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study to determine whether and where activity in the human brain was available to guide effort-based cost-benefit valuation. Subjects were scanned while they performed a series of effortful actions to obtain secondary reinforcers. At the beginning of each trial, subjects were presented with one of eight different visual cues which they had learned indicated how much effort the course of action would entail and how much reward could be expected at its completion. Cue-locked activity in the ventral striatum and midbrain reflected the net value of the course of action, signaling the expected amount of reward discounted by the amount of effort to be invested. Activity in ACCd also reflected the interaction of both expected reward and effort costs. Posterior orbitofrontal and insular activity, however, only reflected the expected reward magnitude. The ventral striatum and anterior cingulate cortex may be the substrate of effort-based cost-benefit valuation in primates as well as in rats.