Anger Toward God: Social-Cognitive Predictors, Prevalence, and Links With Adjustment to Bereavement and Cancer
Anger Toward God: Social-Cognitive Predictors, Prevalence, and Links With Adjustment to Bereavement and Cancer
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DOI：
10.1037/a0021716
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
Carey, Michael P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Exline, Julie J.;Park, Crystal L.;Carey, Michael P.
许多人认为自己与上帝是有关系的，并把这种关系看作是一种安慰。然而，感知到与上帝的关系也有可能体验到对上帝的愤怒，正如这里对美国人口（研究1）、本科生（研究2和3）、丧亲者（研究4）和癌症幸存者（研究5）的研究所显示的那样。这些研究解决了关于对上帝愤怒的三个基本问题：预测对上帝愤怒的感知和归因，它的普遍性，以及它与调整的关系。对上帝的愤怒的社会认知预测与人际愤怒的预测是平行的，包括认为上帝对严重的伤害负责，归咎于残忍，难以找到意义，把自己看作受害者。对上帝的愤怒经常被报道为对负面事件的反应，尽管积极情绪占主导地位。愤怒和对上帝的积极情绪表现出适度的负面关联。宗教信仰和年龄与对上帝的愤怒呈负相关。与其他群体相比，新教徒和非裔美国人对上帝的愤怒报告略低（研究1）。一些无神论者和不可知论者报告了对上帝的愤怒，特别是在强调过去的经历（研究2）和假设上帝的形象（研究3）的措施上。对上帝的愤怒与较差的丧亲适应（研究4）和癌症（研究5）有关，特别是当愤怒在一年内没有得到解决时（研究5）。综上所述，这些研究表明，对上帝的愤怒是宗教和精神体验的一个重要维度，它是可测量的、广泛的，并且与各种背景和人群的调整有关。
Many people see themselves as being in a relationship with God and see this bond as comforting. Yet, perceived relationships with Clod also carry the potential for experiencing anger toward God, as shown here in studies with the U.S. population (Study 1), undergraduates (Studies 2 and 3), bereaved individuals (Study 4), and cancer survivors (Study 5). These studies addressed 3 fundamental issues regarding anger toward God: perceptions and attributions that predict anger toward God, its prevalence, and its associations with adjustment. Social-cognitive predictors of anger toward God paralleled predictors of interpersonal anger and included holding God responsible for severe harm, attributions of cruelty, difficulty finding meaning, and seeing oneself as a victim. Anger toward God was frequently reported in response to negative events, although positive feelings predominated. Anger and positive feelings toward God showed moderate negative associations. Religiosity and age correlated negatively with anger toward God. Reports of anger toward God were slightly lower among Protestants and African Americans in comparison with other groups (Study 1). Some atheists and agnostics reported anger involving God, particularly on measures emphasizing past experiences (Study 2) and images of a hypothetical God (Study 3). Anger toward God was associated with poorer adjustment to bereavement (Study 4) and cancer (Study 5), particularly when anger remained unresolved over a 1-year period (Study 5). Taken together, these studies suggest that anger toward God is an important dimension of religious and spiritual experience, one that is measurable, widespread, and related to adjustment across various contexts and populations.