THE STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THREATS (SWOTs) ANALYSES OF THE EBOLA VIRUS - PAPER RETRACTED.
THE STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THREATS (SWOTs) ANALYSES OF THE EBOLA VIRUS - PAPER RETRACTED.
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DOI：
10.21010/ajid.v10i2.2
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Babalola MO
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Babalola MO
由于埃博拉病毒病的极端毒力和病死率，最近西非爆发的埃博拉病毒病引起了人们的极大愤怒、恐慌和公共卫生紧急情况，过去和最近都进行了少量研究。埃博拉病毒病流行的严重程度促使全球关注并迫切需要找到减轻该疾病影响的措施。学术界和工业界的研究人员被迫只专注于开发有效和安全的埃博拉病毒疫苗，而不考虑这种病毒的其他方面，这可能影响潜在疫苗的成功与否。本综述的目的是采用SWOT概念阐明埃博拉病毒作为病原体的生物优势、劣势、机会和威胁，以期了解和制定打击和克服埃博拉病毒病祸害的整体战略。本系统性综述和叙述性综合利用Medline、PubMed、Google和其他数据库，使用文本词搜索生成特定术语，选择约150篇关于埃博拉和埃博拉病毒病的出版物。对相关出版物进行了审查和比较，使用叙述方法对结果进行了综合，并进行了定性总结。埃博拉病毒的一些已确定的优势包括：埃博拉病毒是一种RNA病毒，具有突变、重组和重组的固有能力，以产生突变或回复性强毒株;埃博拉病毒具有广泛的细胞嗜性;埃博拉病毒的天然储存库未经证实，但假设是果蝠、节肢动物和植物;埃博拉病毒主要靶向并选择性破坏免疫系统;埃博拉病毒具有抑制宿主免疫反应的辅助蛋白;分泌糖蛋白（sGP）是一种截短的可溶性蛋白，其触发免疫激活和增加血管通透性，仅与埃博拉病毒相关;能够有效地跨越物种障碍，并在人类、非人类灵长类动物和其他哺乳动物中建立生产性感染;埃博拉病毒攻击人体的每一个部位;弱点包括：埃博拉病毒的传播和持久性受到其毒力的严重限制;埃博拉病毒基本上需要宿主编码的蛋白Niemann-Pick C1（NPC 1）才能进入宿主细胞;埃博拉病毒基本上需要宿主编码的蛋白（TIM-1）才能进入细胞;埃博拉病毒核蛋白的相对丰度高于其他病毒体组分;埃博拉病毒利用的机会包括：非洲保健设施缺乏感染控制做法，卫生基础设施缺乏，特别是在流行地区;允许循环的单核细胞、巨噬细胞和树突细胞参与病毒的动员和传播;收集、消费和买卖野生动物森林生态系统的扰动和剧烈变化为埃博拉病毒提供了机会;在狩猎中使用狗使人和动物容易发生物种间接触;贫穷、营养不良、拥挤、社会混乱、流动性和政治不稳定;旅行和航空的便利是全球传播的潜力;节肢动物媒介可能的机械传播;尚未批准用于人类治疗的疫苗或疗法;对埃博拉病毒的威胁包括：避免直接接触受感染病人的受感染血液和其他体液;适当和正确的埋葬做法;采用屏障护理;加强监测，以防止疫情的潜在传播;提供快速实验室设备和程序，以便迅速检测（ELISA、Western Blot、PCR）;设备的消毒或灭菌以及仪器的安全处置;及时住院治疗、隔离和检疫受感染者;主动追踪和监测接触者等。本研究中提出的已确定的能力和差距是抗击埃博拉病毒的详尽框架。为了削弱和克服该病毒，重点应放在从战略上减少已确定的优势和机会，同时增加该病毒的弱点和威胁。
Owing to the extreme virulence and case fatality rate of ebola virus disease (EVD), there had been so much furore, panic and public health emergency about the possible pandemic from the recent West African outbreak of the disease, with attendant handful research, both in the past and most recently. The magnitude of the epidemic of ebola virus disease has prompted global interest and urgency in the discovery of measures to mitigate the impact of the disease. Researchers in the academia and the industry were pressured to only focus on the development of effective and safe ebola virus vaccines, without consideration of the other aspects to this virus, which may influence the success or otherwise of a potential vaccine. The objective of this review was to adopt the SWOT concept to elucidate the biological Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats to Ebola virus as a pathogen, with a view to understanding and devising holistic strategies at combating and overcoming the scourge of EVD. This systematic review and narrative synthesis utilized Medline, PubMed, Google and other databases to select about 150 publications on ebola and ebola virus disease using text word searches to generate the specific terms. Relevant publications were reviewed and compared, findings were synthesized using a narrative method and summarized qualitatively. Some of the identified strengths of ebola virus include: Ebola virus is an RNA virus with inherent capability to mutate, reassort and recombine to generate mutant or reassortant virulent strains; Ebola virus has a broad cellular tropism; Natural Reservoir of ebola virus is unconfirmed but fruit bats, arthropods, and plants are hypothesized; Ebola virus primarily targets and selectively destroys the immune system; Ebola viruses possess accessory proteins that inhibits the host’ immune responses; Secreted glycoprotein (sGP), a truncated soluble protein that triggers immune activation and increased vascular permeability is uniquely associated with Ebola virus only; Ability to effectively cross the species barrier and establish productive infection in humans, non human primates, and other mammals; Ebola virus attacks every part of the human body; The Weaknesses include: Ebola virus transmission and persistence is severely limited by its virulence; Ebola virus essentially requires host encoded protein Niemann–Pick C1 (NPC1) for host’s cell’ entry; Ebola virus essentially requires host encoded proteins (TIM-1) for cell’ entry; Relative abundance of Ebolavirus Nucleoprotein than the other virion components; The Opportunities harnessed by ebola virus include: Lack of infection control practices in African health-care facilities and paucity of health infrastructures, especially in the endemic zones; Permissiveness of circulating Monocytes, Macrophages and dendritic cells in virus mobilization and dissemination; Collection, consumption and trade of wild games (bushmeats); Pertubation and drastic changes in forest ecosystems present opportunities for Ebola virus; Use of dogs in hunting predisposes man and animals to inter-species contact; Poverty, malnutrition, crowding, social disorder, mobility and political instability; Ease of travel and aviation as potentials for global spread; Possible mechanical transmission by arthropod vectors; No vaccines or therapeutics are yet approved for human treatment; The Threats to ebola virus include: Avoidance of direct contact with infected blood and other bodily fluids of infected patient; Appropriate and correct burial practices; Adoption of barrier Nursing; Improved surveillance to prevent potential spread of epidemic; Making Available Rapid laboratory equipment and procedures for prompt detection (ELISA, Western Blot, PCR); Sterilization or disinfection of equipment and safe disposal of instrument; Prompt hospitalization, isolation and quarantine of infected individual; Active contact tracing and monitoring, among others. The identified capacities and gaps presented in this study are inexhaustive framework to combat the ebola virus. To undermine and overcome the virus, focus should be aimed at strategically decreasing the identified strengths and opportunities, while increasing on the weaknesses of, and threats to the virus.