Recollections of Dr. Peter Gorer.
Recollections of Dr. Peter Gorer.
复制标题
彼得·戈尔博士的回忆。
DOI：
10.1007/bf00377949
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发表时间：
1986
期刊：
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Amos,DB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Amos,DB
如今，当一个科学家可能在参考书目中列出数百个标题时，值得注意的是，塑造了移植免疫学和免疫遗传学结构的彼得·戈雷尔（Peter Gorer）在科学文献中只贡献了50篇文章。他是如此敏锐，这些论文中表达的思想，在他死后的四分之一个世纪里继续影响着当代的思想。彼得·梅达沃爵士（Peter Medawar）为英国皇家学会（Royal Society）撰写了他的传记，在阅读或重读了戈尔的所有论文后，他对戈尔写了一篇令人钦佩和敏感的评论（梅达沃1961）。还有一些更短、更不完整的传记（赖特1961年，阿莫斯1981年），这样我就可以在戈雷尔的实验室当学徒的短暂时期（1952-1955年）勾勒出一些回忆。实验室似乎是一间又长又窄、天花板很高的房间，冬天又冷又多风，夏天有时又热又多尘。冷冻室占据了门旁边墙壁的大部分空间。一堵长墙提供了工作台空间，并支撑了一个37英寸的孵化器；远（短）墙也被长凳占据；另一面墙被水槽和碗橱占据了。他的“书桌”是一张很大的方桌，上面堆满了杂志和文件。没有了戈勒的文件和古董，1984年的房间显得更小更宽了，窗外的景色现在被新添的东西挡住了一部分。在他入选皇家学会后，戈勒得到了一套大房间，但在他创作的大部分时间里，他只有一个实验室，定期使用附近一个更大的房间（例如，住古斯塔沃和奥尔加·霍克）。老鼠被关在屋顶上的三个房间里。在我和戈尔在一起的那段时间里，他的工作习惯，就像他生活的许多方面一样，是非正统的。缓慢而沉重的脚步宣告着他的到来，通常是在下午2点左右，在对实验室及其住户（芭芭拉·米库尔斯卡和我）进行简短的视察之后，他会去拜访秘书简·罗雅尔，也许还会去看看乔治·佩林·赖特教授，他正在收集邮件。有些日子，他会和芭芭拉一起在长凳上工作，做任何需要接种的肿瘤疫苗。喝茶是一种仪式，通常是在教员室和一些讲师一起喝茶。我自己的试卷通常在下午晚些时候就已经写好了。彼得经常看书，在下午6点左右，他经常会说：“我想是时候了，你觉得呢？”然后我们会去“米勒”，那是急诊室对面的一家小酒吧。然后彼得会问我当天的成绩。在给牙科学生上课的那些日子里，他放弃了这种平静、沉思的时间——早上8点。我在实验室里最早的任务是设计一种细胞毒性试验。戈雷尔本人也致力于改善血液凝集（戈雷尔和米库尔斯卡，1954年）。我们的努力是为了纠正异位凝集过程中的不足之处。现有的测试对来自某些小鼠品系的免疫血清和来自其他小鼠品系的红细胞效果良好。我们有四个主要菌株：C57BL，它提供了最好的凝集素，但提供了很难凝集的细胞；A，提供容易凝集的细胞但提供凝集能力很差的血清；CBA和BALB，两者均处于中间水平。Gorer想要一个更具代表性的测试系统，所以他建议用鸡血浆凝块上生长的小鼠胚胎细胞进行溶解试验。我们只有一只鸡，我很快就学会了如何绕过它的胸腔，因为它翅膀上的静脉早已伤痕累累。不幸的是，我们使用小鼠血清作为补体来源，虽然，通过实践，合适的外植体会生长……
In these days when a scientist may list hundreds of titles in a bibliography, it is salutary to note that Peter Gorer, who molded the fabric of transplantation immunology and immunogenetics, contributed only 50 articles to the scientific literature. So perceptive was he, the ideas, expressed in those papers, continue to influence contemporary thought a quarter of a century after his death. Sir Peter Medawar, who acted as his biographer for the Royal Society, wrote an admirable and sensitive appreciation of Gorer (Medawar 1961) only after having read or reread through all of Gorer's papers. Somewhat shorter and less complete biographies have also been recorded (Wright 1961, Amos 1981), thus freeing me to sketch a few reminiscences from the brief period (1952-1955) I spent as an apprentice in Gorer's laboratory. The laboratory appeared to be a long, narrow, highceilinged room, cold and draughty in winter, sometimes hot and dusty in summer. Taking up most of the wall space next to the door was the freezer. One long wall provided bench space and supported a 37 incubator; the far (short) wall was also taken up by benches; and the other long wall was taken up by a sink and by cupboards. His" desk" was a large, square table piled high with journals and papers. Stripped of Gorer's papers and bric-a-brac, the room in 1984 appeared smaller and wider, and the view from the windows is now partly obscured by a recent addition. After his election to the Royal Society, Gorer was given a large suite of rooms, but for much of his productive period he had only the one laboratory, with periodic use of space (eg, to house Gustavo and Olga Hoecker) in a larger room nearby. The mice were kept in three rooms on the roof. Gorer's work habits during the period I was with him were, like so many aspects of his life, unorthodox. Slow, heavy steps heralded his arrival, usually around 2: 00 pm After a brief inspection of the lab and its occupants (Barbara Mikulska and myself), he would visit the secretary, Jean Royal, and perhaps look in on the Professor, George Payling Wright, as he collected his mail. On some days he would work with Barbara at the bench and any tumor inoculations required were done. Tea was a ritual, taken in the faculty room usually with some of the lecturers. My own tests were usually read and written up by late afternoon. Peter would often read and at about 6: 00 pm would frequently say," I think it is about time, don't you?" and we would adjourn to the" Miller," a small pub across from the Emergency Room. Peter would then quiz me about the day's results. This placid, contemplative time was abandoned on those days on which he lectured dental students--at 8 amMy earliest task in the laboratory was to devise a cytotoxicity test. Gorer himself was working at improving hemagglutination (Gorer and Mikulska 1954). Our efforts were directed at correcting inadequacies in the alloagglutination procedure. The existing test worked well for immune sera from some strains of mice and with red cells from some other strains of mice. We had four principle strains: C57BL, which gave the best agglutinins but provided cells that were very difficult to agglutinate; A, which gave readily agglutinable cells but gave sera that agglutinated very poorly; and CBA and BALB, which were intermediate in both respects. Gorer wanted a more representative test system, so suggested a lytic test using mouse embryo cells grown on chicken plasma clots. We had only one chicken and I soon learned my way around its thorax since its wing veins had long been scarred. Unfortunately we used mouse serum as a complement source, and although, with practice, suitable explants would grow …