Global approach to reducing lead exposure and poisoning
Global approach to reducing lead exposure and poisoning
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DOI：
10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.03.003
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发表时间：
2008-07-01
影响因子：
5.3
通讯作者：
Falk, Henry
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Meyer, Pamela A.;Brown, Mary Jean;Falk, Henry
铅中毒是一种重要的环境疾病，可对健康造成终身不良影响。最易受影响的是儿童，最常见的是生活在发展中国家的穷人。对儿童血铅水平的研究表明，血铅水平越低，认知功能越差。铅对儿童的各个层面都是危险的，国家之间和国家内部的铅接触来源各不相同，这取决于过去和现在的使用情况。铅的来源可能来自历史污染、回收旧的铅产品或生产新产品。在所有禁止含铅汽油的国家中，平均人口BLL迅速下降。在许多不再使用含铅汽油的发展中国家，许多儿童和工人暴露于散逸性排放物和采矿废物。意外的铅威胁不断出现，例如不适当地处理受铅污染的电子产品和儿童玩具。唯一可用的医疗方法是螯合，这可以挽救BLL非常高的人的生命。然而，发展中国家并不总是能够获得螯合药物，而且在减少慢性低剂量铅接触的后遗症方面价值有限。因此，最好的方法是防止接触铅。由于预防铅中毒的一个关键策略是识别和控制或消除铅源，本文重点介绍了世界范围内铅中毒的几个主要来源。此外，我们建议三个主要预防策略铅中毒：确定来源，消除或控制来源，并监测环境暴露和危害。由爱思唯尔公司出版
Lead poisoning is an important environmental disease that can have life-long adverse health effects. Most susceptible are children, and most commonly exposed are those who are poor and live in developing countries. Studies of children's blood-lead levels (BLLs) are showing cognitive impairment at increasingly lower BLLs. Lead is dangerous at all levels in children.The sources of lead exposure vary among and within countries depending on past and current uses. Sources of lead may be from historic contamination, recycling old lead products, or from manufacturing new products. In all countries that have banned leaded gasoline, average population BLLs have declined rapidly. In many developing countries where leaded gasoline is no longer used, many children and workers are exposed to fugitive emissions and mining wastes. Unexpected lead threats, such as improper disposal of electronics and children's toys contaminated with lead, continue to emerge.The only medical treatment available is chelation, which can save lives of persons with very high BLLs. However, chelating drugs are not always available in developing countries and have limited value in reducing the sequelae of chronic low dose lead exposure. Therefore, the best approach is to prevent exposure to lead. Because a key strategy for preventing lead poisoning is to identify and control or eliminate lead sources, this article highlights several major sources of lead poisoning worldwide. In addition, we recommend three primary prevention strategies for lead poisoning: identify sources, eliminate or control sources, and monitor environmental exposures and hazards. Published by Elsevier B.V.