Predictors of herbicide exposure in farm applicators
Predictors of herbicide exposure in farm applicators
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DOI：
10.1007/s00420-002-0323-7
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发表时间：
2002-08-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Zhang, J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Arbuckle, TE;Burnett, R;Zhang, J
目的：大多数农药流行病学研究使用自我报告而不是定量测量来评估农药暴露。本研究的目的是确定在实际田间条件下可能影响除草剂暴露的因素，并测量自我报告的暴露指征对尿液除草剂暴露测量的敏感性和特异性。方法：安大略省农场家庭的一组回顾性队列研究参与者自愿参加农药暴露评估研究。在本研究季首次使用苯氧类除草剂2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4- d）或4-氯-2-甲基苯氧乙酸（MCPA）之前和之后，126名农药施药者提供了暴露前现场尿样和随后连续24小时尿样。与此同时，他们还完成了一份关于农药使用和第一天施用农药的处理方法的问卷。结果：假设尿液中2,4- d的存在是真实暴露的量度，而问卷中2,4- d使用的指征是存在误差的暴露分类，则问卷对暴露的预测敏感性为56.7%，特异性为86.4%。MCPA的敏感性和特异性分别为91.6%和67.4%。在多变量模型中，农药配方、防护服/装备、施药设备、操作习惯和个人卫生习惯等变量是施药（或喷洒）后24小时尿液除草剂水平的显著预测因子（MCPA调整R2为44%，2,4- d调整R2为39%）。结论：尽管在两个模型中，相似的因素领域与暴露有关，但每种除草剂的最终模型之间确定的具体因素和系数的符号有很大不同，因此似乎有必要进行进一步的调查，以确定差异的来源，并评估模型的有效性及其推广能力。
Objectives: Most epidemiological studies of pesticides have used self-reports rather than quantitative measurements to assess exposures. The purpose of this study was to identify factors likely to affect exposure under actual field conditions and to measure the sensitivity and specificity of self-reported indications of exposure against urinary measures of herbicide exposure. Methods: A sub-set of the participants in a retrospective cohort study of Ontario farm families volunteered for a pesticide exposure assessment study. Immediately prior, and subsequent to, handling the phenoxy-herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) for the first time during the season, 126 pesticide applicators provided pre-exposure spot urine samples and a subsequent consecutive 24-h urine sample. At the same time, they completed a questionnaire on pesticide use and handling practices for the first day of pesticide application. Results: Assuming that the presence of 2,4-D in the urine was a measure of true exposure and that questionnaire indications of 2,4-D use were the exposure classification subject to error, then the questionnaire's prediction of exposure had a sensitivity of 56.7% and specificity of 86.4%. The comparable values for MCPA were sensitivity and specificity of 91.6% and 67.4%, respectively. In multivariate models, the variables pesticide formulation, protective clothing/gear, application equipment, handling practice, and personal hygiene practice were significant as predictors of urinary herbicide levels in the first 24 h after application (or spraying) had been initiated (adjusted R2 44% for MCPA and 39% for 2,4-D). Conclusions: Although similar domains of factors were associated with exposure in both models, the specific factors identified and the signs of the coefficients were sufficiently different between the final models for each herbicide that additional investigations appear to be warranted to determine the sources of the differences and assess the validity of the models and their ability to be generalised.