The Ethics of Insurgency
The Ethics of Insurgency
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叛乱的道德
DOI：
10.1017/s0892679417000259
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Johnson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Johnson
在20世纪下半叶，人们对两次世界大战的持久记忆，以及对核武器威力的震惊，让政策制定者和战争学者在很大程度上全神贯注于爆发灾难性的第三次世界大战的可能性。然而，自1945年以来，战争的面貌一直是使用常规武器作战的地区性有限的小型战争和叛乱。其中许多冲突最初是对殖民政权的武装叛乱，但后来往往演变为寻求控制国家政府的不同小组之间的武装冲突。这类冲突通常是不对称的，掌管国家权力的政党使用飞机、大炮和装甲车，而与政权作战的仅限于个人可以携带的武器，如自动步枪、迫击炮、火箭榴弹发射器和各种简易武器。这种不对称通常也更加严重，前者的战士穿着制服，后者的战士往往不穿；前者的战士使用加固的基地，后者的战士通过融入平民人口来保护自己。此外，双方在战斗方式上经常存在不对称，军事上较弱的一方依赖于隐形战术、欺骗和对具有更普遍公共价值的非军事目标的攻击，包括直接攻击根据战争法受到非战斗人员保护的人。被归类为恐怖主义的特定战术范围从这一点开始，以具体、直接和故意的非战斗人员为目标。这种袭击不仅是包括基地组织和自封的伊斯兰国在内的跨国非国家行动者的选择手段，而且在当地内战中也产生了相当大的影响。
In the latter half of the twentieth century, lasting memories of two world wars and astonishment over the power of nuclear weapons left both policymakers and scholars of war largely preoccupied with the possibility of a catastrophic World War III. Instead, however, the face of war since 1945 has been that of regionally limited small wars and insurgencies fought with conventional weapons. Many of these conflicts began as armed rebellions against colonial regimes, but often later evolved into armed conflicts between and among various subgroups seeking control of state government. Such conflicts have usually been asymmetrical, with the party holding the reins of state power using aircraft, artillery, and armored vehicles, while those fighting against the regime have been limited to weapons that individuals can carry, such as automatic rifles, mortars, rocket-propelled grenade launchers, and improvised weapons of various sorts. The asymmetries have also typically gone deeper, with the fighters on the former side wearing uniforms and those on the latter often not; those on the former side making use of fortified bases and those on the latter side protecting themselves by blending in with the civilian population. Further, there have frequently been asymmetries in how each side has fought, with the militarily weaker side relying on stealth tactics, deception, and attacks against nonmilitary targets of more general public value, including direct attacks on people protected as noncombatants under the laws of war. The particular range of tactics classified as terrorism begins at this point, with the specific, direct, and intentional targeting of noncombatants. Such attacks not only have been the means of choice for transnational nonstate actors, including al-Qaeda and the self-styled Islamic State, but have also been used to considerable effect in local civil wars.