CATEGORIES AND PARTICULARS - PROTOTYPE EFFECTS IN ESTIMATING SPATIAL LOCATION
CATEGORIES AND PARTICULARS - PROTOTYPE EFFECTS IN ESTIMATING SPATIAL LOCATION
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DOI：
10.1037/0033-295x.98.3.352
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发表时间：
1991-07-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
DUNCAN, S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
HUTTENLOCHER, J;HEDGES, LV;DUNCAN, S
本文提出了一个记忆报告的类别效应模型。该模型认为，刺激表示在2个层次的细节：细粒度值和类别。当记忆是不准确的，但人们必须报告一个确切的值，他们使用的估计过程相联合收割机的记忆刺激值与类别信息。建议的估计过程包括截断类别边界和加权的中心（原型）类别值。这些过程在报告中引入偏差，即使记忆是无偏的，但仍然可以提高整体准确性（通过减少报告的可变性）。四个实验中，人们报告的位置，一个点在一个圆圈。受试者自发地施加水平和垂直的边界，将圆划分为象限。他们把点错放在每个象限的中心（原型）位置，正如模型所预测的那样。所提出的模型具有广泛的影响，值得注意的是，它有可能解释的那种心理物理学（收缩偏差和韦伯定律捕获的偏差），以及相似性判断的不对称性，而不假定扭曲的物理尺度表示。
A model of category effects on reports from memory is presented. The model holds that stimuli are represented at 2 levels of detail: a fine-grain value and a category. When memory is inexact but people must report an exact value, they use estimation processes that combine the remembered stimulus value with category information. The proposed estimation processes include truncation at category boundaries and weighting with a central (prototypic) category value. These processes introduce bias in reporting even when memory is unbiased, but nevertheless may improve overall accuracy (by decreasing the variability of reports). Four experiments are presented in which people report the location of a dot in a circle. Subjects spontaneously impose horizontal and vertical boundaries that divide the circle into quadrants. They misplace dots toward a central (prototypic) location in each quadrant, as predicted by the model. The proposed model has broad implications; notably, it has the potential to explain biases of the sort described in psychophysics (contraction bias and the bias captured by Weber's law) as well as asymmetries in similarity judgments, without positing distorted representations of physical scales.