Retirement, happiness, and health in Japan
Retirement, happiness, and health in Japan
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DOI：
10.1093/geroni/igab046.3288
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发表时间：
2021-12-17
影响因子：
7
通讯作者：
Kobayashi E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Okamoto S;Kobayashi E
虽然到目前为止，退休对健康的影响已经得到了很好的研究，但以前的发现仍然不具有结论性，而且退休与健康之间联系的潜在机制尚不清楚。这可能是由区域或队列异质性以及方法差异驱动的，例如结果测量和识别策略；因此，需要积累大量的证据。利用2004-2019年每年在日本进行的全国家庭调查（日本家庭小组调查），我们评估了50-75岁日本成年人退休对他们的幸福和健康的影响，以及可能归因于幸福或健康变化的其他结果（例如健康行为、某些活动的时间使用以及按项目划分的费用）。由于不是每年都测量结果，我们分析了756- 1389个人2009年以来的4,340-7,902人年观察结果。为了处理退休的潜在内生性，我们采用工具变量方法，利用退休政策和公共养老金资格年龄的变化。因此，这些工具似乎只对男性有效，我们发现退休增加了男性退休人员的幸福感，减少了心理压力，而对其他健康指标的影响没有观察到。虽然他们对收入的满意度下降了，也许是因为他们的工资收入减少了，但他们倾向于增加文化娱乐活动的支出比例。通过更多的休闲活动和减轻工作压力来提高个人生活质量，而不是改善健康行为和身体健康，可能是了解退休后健康益处的关键。
While health effects of retirement have been well studied so far, previous findings remain inconclusive, and mechanisms underlying the linkage between retirement and health are unclear. This can be driven by regional or cohort heterogeneity as well as methodological differences, such as outcome measures and identification strategies; thus, much evidence needs to be accumulated. Utilising a national household survey conducted every year in 2004-2019 in Japan (the Japan Household Panel Survey), we evaluate the effects of retirement among Japanese adults aged 50-75 on their happiness and health in addition to other outcomes that could attribute to happiness or health changes (e.g. health behaviours, time use for some activities, and the expenses by item). As outcomes are not measured every year, we analyse 4,340-7,902 person-year observations by 756-1,389 individuals with the necessary information from 2009. To deal with the potential endogeneity of retirement, we adopt an instrumental variable approach utilising changes in retirement policy and public pension eligible age. Consequently, instruments seem valid only for men, and we find that retirement increases male retirees’ happiness and decreases psychological stress while effects on other health measures are not observed. Although their satisfaction with their income decline, perhaps because of the loss of their wage income, they tend to increase the proportion of expenses for cultural and recreational activities. Enhancement in personal life quality by more leisure activities and stress reduction from work, rather than improvements in health behaviours and physical health, may be key to understanding health benefits in retirement.