The worldwide costs of marine protected areas
The worldwide costs of marine protected areas
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0403239101
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发表时间：
2004-06-29
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Roberts, CM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Balmford, A;Gravestock, P;Roberts, CM
海洋产量、野生动物和栖息地的减少促使 2002 年世界可持续发展峰会和 2003 年世界公园大会呼吁建立全球海洋保护区 (MPA) 系统。限制捕鱼和其他人类活动的海洋保护区可以保护栖息地和种群，并通过出口生物质来维持或增加附近渔业的产量。在此，我们根据对全球 83 个 MPA 运行成本的调查，对全球 MPA 网络的成本进行了估算。每单位面积的年度运行成本跨越六个数量级，并且在较小、靠近海岸和高成本的发达国家的海洋保护区更高。推断这些发现的模型表明，实现世界公园大会保护世界 20-30% 海洋的目标的全球海洋保护区网络每年的运营成本可能在 50 亿至 190 亿美元之间，并可能创造约 100 万个就业岗位。尽管网络总成本很高，但仍低于目前政府对工业化渔业有害补贴的支出。他们还忽视了改善渔业和旅游业带来的潜在私人收益，并且与提高渔业可持续性和确保重要生态系统服务可能带来的社会收益相形见绌。
Declines in marine harvests, wildlife, and habitats have prompted calls at both the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development and the 2003 World Parks Congress for the establishment of a global system of marine protected areas (MPAs). MPAs that restrict fishing and other human activities conserve habitats and populations and, by exporting biomass, may sustain or increase yields of nearby fisheries. Here we provide an estimate of the costs of a global MPA network, based on a survey of the running costs of 83 MPAs worldwide. Annual running costs per unit area spanned six orders of magnitude, and were higher in MPAs that were smaller, closer to coasts, and in high-cost, developed countries. Models extrapolating these findings suggest that a global MPA network meeting the World Parks Congress target of conserving 20-30% of the world's seas might cost between $5 billion and $19 billion annually to run and would probably create around one million jobs. Although substantial, gross network costs are less than current government expenditures on harmful subsidies to industrial fisheries. They also ignore potential private gains from improved fisheries and tourism and are dwarfed by likely social gains from increasing the sustainability of fisheries and securing vital ecosystem services.