Thoughts about hunting: Some things we know and some things we don't know
Thoughts about hunting: Some things we know and some things we don't know
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关于狩猎的思考：一些我们知道的事情和一些我们不知道的事情
DOI：
10.1016/j.quaint.2012.12.005
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
J. Speth
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Speth
本文探讨了在解释考古动物群的分类组成、性别比例和死亡率概况时一些未被充分认识的“复杂性”。其中一些复杂性是由动物本身的行为引起的。例如，当猎人“扰乱”野牛等动物以操纵它们走向陷阱或伏击时，这些动物会根据年龄和性别重新排列自己的空间，这样实际被杀死的动物子集可能不是现有种群的随机样本。其他复杂性源于以下事实：有些动物是专性饮酒者，而另一些则不是，这使得前者更容易受到伏击。因此，对于严重依赖伏击策略的猎人来说，猎杀组合的分类组成将偏向于专性饮酒者，无论其在景观中的实际数量如何。还有许多文化因素可能会影响狩猎的内容、狩猎的时间以及这些活动的进行方式。例如，狩猎可能主要是为了声望，作为男孩青春期和入会仪式的一部分，作为彩礼或新娘服务的支付，在竞争群体之间建立联盟或恢复和平关系的背景下，作为社区范围内的日历或偶发仪式的一部分，以及出于许多其他社会基础的原因。大多数这些文化因素不容易使用行为生态学模型来处理，因此动物考古学家仍然没有对其进行充分研究。
This paper explores a number of underappreciated “complexities” in the interpretation of the taxonomic composition, sex ratios, and mortality profiles of archaeological faunal assemblages. Some of these complexities arise from the behavior of the animals themselves. For example, when hunters “disturb” animals such as bison in order to maneuver them toward a trap or ambush, the animals rearrange themselves spatially by age and sex in such a way that the subset of animals actually killed may not be a random sample of the living population. Other complexities arise from the fact that some animals are obligate drinkers, while others are not, making the former much more vulnerable to ambush. Hence, for hunters who rely heavily on an ambush strategy, the taxonomic composition of the kill assemblage will be biased toward obligate drinkers regardless of their actual numbers on the landscape. There are also a host of cultural factors that may affect what gets hunted, when hunting takes place, and the way these events are conducted. For example, hunts may occur primarily for prestige, as part of boys' puberty and initiation rites, as payment of bride price or bride service, in the context of establishing alliances or restoring peaceful relations between competing groups, as part of community-wide calendrical or episodic rituals, and for many other socially-grounded reasons. Most of these cultural factors are not easily approached using models drawn from behavioral ecology and, as a consequence, remain understudied by zooarchaeologists.