An investigation of the laws of disinfection
An investigation of the laws of disinfection
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DOI：
10.1017/s0022172400006987
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发表时间：
1908-01-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Chick, H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chick, H
1.化学反应和消毒过程之间存在着一个非常完整的类比，一个反应物由消毒剂代表，第二个反应物由细菌的原生质代表。研究了三类消毒剂，（a）金属盐（HgCl 2和AgNO 3），（B）苯酚，和（c）乳化消毒剂（消毒剂“A”）。B。副伤寒和B.炭疽菌分别作为营养型和孢子型生物.在炭疽孢子的情况下，消毒过程按照众所周知的单分子反应方程进行，如果表示“反应物质的浓度”的数字被“存活细菌的数量”代替。用B做实验。副伤寒杆菌显示出偏离简单的规律，因为个体生物体之间对消毒剂的抗性存在永久性差异。结果表明，越年轻的细菌越耐药.消毒过程受温度的影响是有序的，并且可以应用众所周知的阿克里尼乌斯方程。(a)B消毒。金属盐对副伤寒的抑制作用受温度的影响程度与大多数化学反应相同，温度升高10°C，反应速度增加约3倍。(b)用于B的消毒。苯酚和消毒剂“A”对副伤寒的杀灭作用有更高的温度系数，即，七到八岁在苯酚的情况下，温度的影响再次被发现是复杂的，因为单个细菌之间缺乏均匀性。对较年轻的、抗性较强的细菌进行消毒，发现其温度系数比抗性较弱的细菌高，根据消毒细菌的年龄和数量，温度系数从10到3或2不等。由（5）可知，在实际消毒中使用温溶液有很大的优点.用不同浓度的消毒剂进行实验，并使用来自B培养物的相似细菌群。对副伤寒沙门氏菌，苯酚和消毒剂“A”的情况下，消毒剂浓度与消毒平均反应速度之间存在一定的对数关系.在硝酸银的情况下，存在相同的关系，但在氯化汞的情况下，代表盐浓度的数字必须用代表金属离子浓度的数字代替。这证实了在金属盐消毒中金属离子是真实的消毒剂的理论。这种对数关系是令人惊讶的，因为在单分子反应过程中存在简单的比例关系，消毒显示出密切的相似性。一些证据表明，在用氯化汞消毒时，金属和细菌细胞的物质之间会形成有毒化合物。这种化合物阻止了所有进一步的生长，但通过服用大量过量的可溶性硫化物作为解毒剂，可以恢复活力。马丁，在他的建议下进行了这项工作，他在整个过程中帮助了我，不仅提供了最宝贵的建议，而且在许多实验中也提供了实际的帮助。
1. A very complete analogy exists between a chemical reaction and the process of disinfection, one reagent being represented by the disinfectant, and the second by the protoplasm of the bacterium.2. Three classes of disinfectants were studied, (a) metallic salts (HgCl2 and AgNO3), (b) phenol, and (c) emulsified disinfectants (disinfectant “A”). B. paratyphosus and spores of B. anthracis were chosen as types of vegetative and spore-bearing organisms respectively.3. In the case of anthrax spores, the disinfection process proceeds in obedience to the well-known equation for a unimolecular reaction, if numbers expressing “concentration of reacting substance” are replaced by “numbers of surviving bacteria”.4. Experiments with B. paratyphosus show a departure from the simple law owing to permanent differences in resistance to disinfectants among the individual organisms. The younger bacteria were proved to be the more resistant.5. The process of disinfection is influenced by temperature in an orderly manner, and the well-known equation of Arrhenius can be applied.(a) Disinfection of B. paratyphosus by metallic salts is influenced by temperature to about the same degree as most chemical reactions, the reaction velocity being increased about three-fold for a rise in temperature of 10°C.(b) For disinfection of B. paratyphosus by phenol and the disinfectant “A” there was a much higher temperature coefficient, viz., seven to eight. In the case of phenol the effect of temperature was again found to be complicated by the want of uniformity among the individual bacteria. Disinfection of the younger, more resistant bacteria, was found to possess a higher temperature coefficient than that of the less resistant forms, the coefficient varying from ten to three, or two according to the age and number of the bacteria disinfected.6. It follows from (5) that there is a very great advantage in the use of warm solutions for practical disinfection.7. Experiments, made with varying concentrations of disinfectant, and using similar groups of bacteria from cultures of B. paratyphosus, showed a definite logarithmic relation, between the concentration of disinfectant and the mean reaction velocity of disinfection, to exist in the case of phenol and the disinfectant “A”.8. In the case of silver nitrate, the same relation existed, but, in the case of mercuric chloride, numbers representing concentration of the salt had to be replaced by those representing concentration of the metallic ion. This confirms the theory that in disinfection with metallic salts the metallic ion is the real disinfecting agent.9. This logarithmic relation is surprising in view of the simple proportionality existing in the case of chemical processes running the course of a unimolecular reaction, with which disinfection shows a close analogy.10. Some evidence was obtained that, in disinfection with mercuric chloride, a toxic compound is formed between the metal and the substance of the bacterial cell. This compound prevents all further growth, but vitality can be restored by the administration of a large excess of soluble sulphide as an antidote.I am glad to have this opportunity of expressing my great indebtedness to Dr C. J. Martin, at whose suggestion the work was undertaken, and who has helped me throughout, not only with most valuable advice, but also with practical assistance in many of the experiments.