Executive functions as endophenotypes in ADHD: evidence from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB)
Executive functions as endophenotypes in ADHD: evidence from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB)
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02215.x
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发表时间：
2010-07-01
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
Shang, Chi-Yung
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Gau, Susan Shur-Fen;Shang, Chi-Yung
背景：对于患有注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）儿童的未受影响的兄弟姐妹的执行功能知之甚少，并且缺乏来自非西方国家的此类信息。我们检查了患有 ADHD 的青少年、未受影响的兄弟姐妹和对照者的言语和非言语执行功能，以测试执行功能是否可能是 ADHD 的潜在内表型。方法：我们使用精神病学方法评估了 279 名儿童期诊断为 DSM-IV ADHD 的青少年（年龄范围：11-17 岁）、136 名亲生兄弟姐妹（108 名未受影响，79.4%）和 173 名未受影响的对照者。访谈、韦克斯勒儿童智力量表 - 第三版 (WISC-III)，包括数字跨度，以及涉及剑桥神经心理学测试自动电池 (CANTAB) 执行功能的任务：维度内/维度转换 (IED)、空间跨度 (SSP)、空间工作记忆 (SWM) 和剑桥丝袜 (SOC)。 结果：与对照组相比，患有 ADHD 和 ADHD 的青少年未受影响的兄弟姐妹的向后数字跨度明显更短，IED 中的额外维度移位错误更多，SSP 中的空间跨度长度更短，SWM 中的总错误更多和策略使用较差，并且在 SOC 中以最小移动次数解决的问题更少，初始思考时间更短。 SWM 和 SOC 的差异程度随着任务难度的增加而增加。一般来说，持续性 ADHD 或合并症均与 ADHD 青少年执行功能缺陷增加无关。结论：未受影响的兄弟姐妹和 ADHD 青少年之间执行功能障碍缺乏太大差异，这表明执行功能障碍可能是 ADHD 遗传研究的有用认知内表型。
Background:Little is known about executive functions among unaffected siblings of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and there is lack of such information from non-Western countries. We examined verbal and nonverbal executive functions in adolescents with ADHD, unaffected siblings and controls to test whether executive functions could be potential endophenotypes for ADHD.Methods:We assessed 279 adolescents (age range: 11-17 years) with a childhood diagnosis of DSM-IV ADHD, 136 biological siblings (108 unaffected, 79.4%), and 173 unaffected controls by using psychiatric interviews, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - 3rd edition (WISC-III), including digit spans, and the tasks involving executive functions of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB): Intra-dimensional/Extra-dimensional Shifts (IED), Spatial Span (SSP), Spatial Working Memory (SWM), and Stockings of Cambridge (SOC).Results:Compared with the controls, adolescents with ADHD and unaffected siblings had a significantly shorter backward digit span, more extra-dimensional shift errors in the IED, shorter spatial span length in the SSP, more total errors and poorer strategy use in the SWM, and fewer problems solved in the minimum number of moves and shorter initial thinking time in the SOC. The magnitudes of the differences in the SWM and SOC increased with increased task difficulties. In general, neither persistent ADHD nor comorbidity was associated with increased deficits in executive functions among adolescents with ADHD.Conclusions:The lack of much difference in executive dysfunctions between unaffected siblings and ADHD adolescents suggests that executive dysfunctions may be useful cognitive endophenotypes for ADHD genetic studies.