Natural selection, larval dispersal, and the geography of phenotype in the sea.
Natural selection, larval dispersal, and the geography of phenotype in the sea.
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海洋中的自然选择、幼体扩散和表型地理。
DOI：
10.1093/icb/ics084
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
E. Sotka
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
E. Sotka
种群进化的通才，专家，和塑料战略，以应对环境的异质性。描述这种表型的种内变异以及它是如何产生的，对于理解各种生态和进化主题至关重要。关于种群间表型差异的文献有很大的偏差;每发表一篇关于海洋物种的文章，至少有10篇文章是关于陆地物种的，8篇是关于陆地植物的。在这里，我概述了我们所知道的海洋文学的地理变异表型在海洋中，主要集中在当地的适应。环境“颗粒”理论预测，最有可能的进化反应（例如，局部适应性、表型可塑性、普遍性和平衡多态性）取决于环境变化的空间尺度相对于生物体分散的距离。与这些预测一致，表型可塑性在地理上广泛分布的无脊椎动物中比在地理上有限分布的无脊椎动物中更强（即，反渗透分散剂与直接显影剂）。然而，与预测相反，相对频率，和空间尺度的本地适应并不总是更大的直接开发商相对于非稳态分散。这表明当地适应的可能性取决于其他生物或环境特征。目前仍然存在的两个最棘手的问题包括：（1）预测扩散障碍在多大程度上是表型分化的原因还是结果;（2）描述有利于或阻碍局部适应的进化力量的相对重要性。由于需要预测全球气候变化、人为干扰和生物向非原生栖息地的扩散的影响，了解表型差异或表型地理学的地理学机制基础最近获得了动力。
Populations evolve generalist, specialist, and plastic strategies in response to environmental heterogeneity. Describing such within-species variation in phenotype and how it arises is central to understanding a variety of ecological and evolutionary topics. The literature on phenotypic differences among populations is highly biased; for every one article published on a marine species, at least 10 articles are published on a terrestrial species and eight focus on terrestrial plants. Here, I outline what we know from the marine literature about geographic variation in phenotype in the sea, with a principal focus on local adaptation. The theory of environmental "grain" predicts that the most likely evolutionary response (e.g., local adaptation, phenotypic plasticity, generalism, and balanced polymorphism) depends on the spatial scale of environmental variation relative to the distance that an organism disperses. Consistent with these predictions, phenotypic plasticity is stronger among invertebrates with geographically broad dispersal versus restricted dispersal (i.e., planktonic-dispersers versus direct-developers). However, contrary to predictions, the relative frequency, and spatial scale of local adaptation is not consistently greater among direct-developers relative to planktonic disperers. This indicates that the likelihood of local adaptation depends on other organismal or environmental traits. Two of the most vexing issues that remain include (1) predicting the extent to which barriers to dispersal are a cause versus consequence of phenotypic differentiation and (2) delineating the relative importance of evolutionary forces that favor or impede local adaptation. Understanding the mechanistic basis of the geography of phenotypic differences, or phenogeography, has gained recent momentum because of a need to predict impacts of global climatic change, anthropogenic disturbances, and dispersal of organisms to non-native habitats.