Neuromodulation: Actions of Dopamine, Retinoic Acid, Nitric Oxide, and Other Substances on Retinal Horizontal Cells.
Neuromodulation: Actions of Dopamine, Retinoic Acid, Nitric Oxide, and Other Substances on Retinal Horizontal Cells.
复制标题
DOI：
10.2147/eb.s420050
复制
发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Dowling, John E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
McMahon, Douglas G.;Dowling, John E.
关键词：
虽然神经元的兴奋和抑制已经被很好地理解，但很明显，对神经元及其突触的神经调节影响在形成大脑中的神经活动中起着重要作用。记忆和学习、情绪和其他复杂行为以及认知障碍都与神经调节机制有关。许多神经活性物质，包括单胺类物质，如多巴胺和神经肽，已被证明是神经调节剂，但其他物质被认为在身体和大脑中扮演着非常不同的角色，如视黄酸，是神经调节剂。我们对神经调节物质如何发挥作用仍然知之甚少，目前的综述主要关注多巴胺和维甲酸这两种物质是如何发挥作用的。重点是潜在的神经调节机制，直到分子水平，允许二级双极细胞和视网膜的输出神经元，神经节细胞，对不同的环境（如照明）条件作出反应。所描述的调制作用于外视网膜的一个简单回路，涉及几种神经活性物质，令人惊讶地复杂，尚未完全理解。
Whereas excitation and inhibition of neurons are well understood, it is clear that neuromodulatory influences on neurons and their synapses play a major role in shaping neural activity in the brain. Memory and learning, emotional and other complex behaviors, as well as cognitive disorders have all been related to neuromodulatory mechanisms. A number of neuroactive substances including monoamines such as dopamine and neuropeptides have been shown to act as neuromodulators, but other substances thought to play very different roles in the body and brain act as neuromodulators, such as retinoic acid. We still understand little about how neuromodulatory substances exert their effects, and the present review focuses on how two such substances, dopamine and retinoic acid, exert their effects. The emphasis is on the underlying neuromodulatory mechanisms down to the molecular level that allow the second order bipolar cells and the output neurons of the retina, the ganglion cells, to respond to different environmental (ie lighting) conditions. The modulation described affects a simple circuit in the outer retina, involves several neuroactive substances and is surprisingly complex and not fully understood.