Genetic improvement of aquaculture finfish species by chromosome manipulation techniques in Japan
Genetic improvement of aquaculture finfish species by chromosome manipulation techniques in Japan
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DOI：
10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00588-9
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发表时间：
2001-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Arai, K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Arai, K
本文就染色体操作技术在日本的研究、开发和应用进展作一综述。三倍体已被诱导并用于促进生长。在大多数情况下，三倍体是由人工性别逆转的雄性精子产生的全雌性种群，以确保它们的完全不育。相比之下，三倍体雄性表现出更好的性腺发育，有时会产生功能精子，这在大多数物种中产生不可存活的非整倍体。虽然诱导的四倍体可以通过与正常的二倍体交配来大量生产三倍体，但四倍体系仅由少数地方政府的研究所在虹鳟中生产。在大多数情况下，抑制第一次卵裂的技术通常导致非常低的存活率和嵌合现象。在鲑科（Cobitidae）中，以天然的四倍体个体为中间步骤培育出了六倍体等多倍体系，完全纯合的二倍体在诱导雌性发育和雄激素发育后抑制第一次卵裂，通过卵的第二次雌核发生产生克隆鱼。雄激素发生的第二个周期，利用完全纯合子雄性的精子，也可以产生无性系。克隆最严重的技术问题是纯合子雌性和雄性二倍体的存活率极低，这可能是由于有害的隐性基因的表达和治疗的副作用。然而，具有重要商业价值的ayu Plecoglossus altivelis、amago salmon Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae、coho salmon O. kisutch、hirame（日本比目鱼）palichthys olivaceus、花式鲤鱼Cyprinus carpio和红海鲷鱼Pagrus major已经实现了克隆种群。在hirame中，提出了一种大规模生产克隆的实用方法，并报道了两种不同的纯合无性系杂交产生的杂合无性系的更好性能。作为一种产生等基因系的方法，重复减数分裂（极体）雌核发生可能比纯合雌核细胞克隆更实用。在减数分裂雌核发生中。染色体的近端区域应该是纯合的，而远端区域应该是杂合的，因为基因-着丝粒的重组率很高。因此，类似的基因型预测在第二代和以后的雌性发生的后代。它们的等基因性质已被小卫星、微卫星和其他DNA分析证实。雌性发生、雄性发生和克隆可用于解释遗传性别决定。环境因素的参与已从一些物种的染色体操纵群体的性别比例表明。最后，讨论了该指南对染色体操纵鱼的调控，以及这些技术与分子遗传学的结合，以进一步进行基因定位和转基因。(C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.版权所有
The purpose of this review is to introduce recent advances in research, development and application of chromosome manipulation techniques in Japan. Triploids have been induced and utilized to improve growth. In most cases, triploids are produced as all-female populations by using spermatozoa of artificially sex-reversed males, so as to assure their complete sterility. In contrast, triploid males show better gonadal development and sometimes generate functional spermatozoa, which give rise to inviable aneuploids in most species. Although induced tetraploids can be useful for mass production of triploids by mating with normal diploids, tetraploid lines have only been produced in rainbow trout by a few institutes belonging to prefectural governments. In most cases, the techniques to inhibit the first cleavage often result in very low survival and mosaicism. In the leach (Cobitidae), polyploid lines such as hexaploids have been developed by using natural tetraploid individuals as an intermediate step, Cloned fish can be produced by the second cycle of gynogenesis in the eggs of completely homozygous diploids, which were produced by inhibiting first cleavage after induction of gynogenetic and androgenetic development. The second cycle of androgenesis, using spermatozoa of completely homozygous males, can also generate clonal lines. The most serious technical problem of cloning is the extremely low survival of homozygous gynogenetic and androgenetic diploids, probably due to the expression of deleterious recessive genes and side effect of treatments. However, cloned populations have been realized in commercially important ayu Plecoglossus altivelis, amago salmon Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae, coho salmon O. kisutch, hirame (Japanese flounder) Paralichthys olivaceus, fancy carp Cyprinus carpio, and red sea bream Pagrus major. In hirame, a practical method for mass production of clones was proposed and better performance has been reported in a heterozygous clone, produced by hybridization between two different homozygous clonal lines. Repeated meiotic (polar body) gynogenesis may be more practical than cloning from homozygous gynogens as a method to generate isogenic lines. In meiotic gynogenesis. the proximal region of chromosomes should be homozygous, whereas the distal region should be heterozygous due to high rates of gene-centromere recombination. Consequently, similar genotypes are predicted in the second and later generations of gynogenetic progeny. Their isogenic nature has been confirmed by minisatellite, microsatellite, and other DNA analyses. Gynogenesis, androgenesis and cloning can be used for elucidation of genetic sex determination. The involvement of environmental factors has been indicated from the sex ratios of chromosomally manipulated populations of several species. Finally, the regulation of chromosomally manipulated fish by the guidelines and the integration of such techniques with molecular genetics for further gene mapping and transgenics are discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.