Fentanyl is used in Mexico's northern border: current challenges for drug health policies
Fentanyl is used in Mexico's northern border: current challenges for drug health policies
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DOI：
10.1111/add.14934
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发表时间：
2020-01-28
期刊：
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
de laFuente, Juan R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fleiz, Clara;Arredondo, Jaime;de laFuente, Juan R.
背景和目的最近对墨西哥北方三个边境城市的750名海洛因使用者进行的一项研究的结果显示，白色粉末（也称为中国白色）的可用性增加，海洛因使用者对这种产品的偏好，以及这一人群中过量病例增加的普遍看法。在这里，我们质疑这些发现是否反映了含有芬太尼的海洛因的存在增加，这与过量服用的更大风险有关，但到目前为止，墨西哥还没有描述过。设计我们使用高灵敏度的测试条在注射器柱塞、金属炊具和与海洛因使用相关的药物包装中测试芬太尼。在墨西哥下加利福尼亚蒂华纳的三个注射点。参与者89海洛因使用者谁互换用具为新的注射器。我们测试了59种“纯”白色粉末的残留物。其余为白色粉末加黑焦油（n = 5）或白色粉末加冰毒（n = 9）、黑焦油加冰毒（n = 1）、仅黑焦油（n = 13）和仅冰毒（n = 2）。结果用户认为，他们消耗的白色粉末海洛因，白色粉末海洛因与冰毒，白色粉末与黑焦油海洛因或黑焦油海洛因。分析显示，93%（n = 55）的“纯”白色粉末样品含有芬太尼。所有（n = 9）与冰毒混合的白色粉末样品和40%（n = 2）的具有黑焦油的白色粉末也掺有芬太尼。结论：在墨西哥89名海洛因使用者的样本中，大多数白色粉末海洛因使用者在不知情的情况下暴露于芬太尼，在93%的白色粉末样本中检测到芬太尼。
Background and Aims Results from a recent study among 750 heroin users in three Mexico's northern border cities revealed an increase in white powder availability (also known as China white) and preference for this product among heroin users, as well as a general perception of increased overdose cases among this population. Here, we questioned whether those findings reflect an increased presence of heroin laced with fentanyl, which is associated with greater risks of overdose but that, until now, has not been described in Mexico. Design We tested fentanyl using highly sensitive test strips in syringe plungers, metal cookers and drug wrappings associated with heroin use. Setting Three injection sites in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. Participants Eighty-nine heroin users who interchanged paraphernalia for new syringes. Measurements We tested 59 residues of 'pure' white powder. The rest were white powder with black tar (n = 5) or white powder with crystal meth (n = 9), black tar with crystal meth (n = 1), black tar only (n = 13) and crystal meth only (n = 2). Findings Users believed that they consumed either white powder heroin, white powder heroin with crystal meth, white powder with black tar heroin or black tar heroin only. Analyses revealed that 93% (n = 55) of the 'pure' white powder samples had fentanyl. All (n = 9) the white powder samples mixed with crystal meth and 40% (n = 2) of the white powder with black tar were also laced with fentanyl. Conclusions In a sample of 89 heroin users in Mexico, most white powder heroin users were unknowingly exposed to fentanyl, with fentanyl detected in 93% of white powder samples.