Chemical hazards present in liquids and vapors of electronic cigarettes
Chemical hazards present in liquids and vapors of electronic cigarettes
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DOI：
10.1007/s00204-014-1294-7
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发表时间：
2014-07-01
影响因子：
6.1
通讯作者：
Luch, Andreas
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hutzler, Christoph;Paschke, Meike;Luch, Andreas
电子(电子)香烟近年来出现，被认为是传统烟草香烟的替代品。由于缺乏燃烧，这些产品不包含烟草烟雾中存在的典型致癌物质。然而，除了尼古丁，液体的其他成分也可能产生危险，如溶剂、香料、添加剂和污染物。在这项研究中，我们分析了七家制造商在德国购买的28种液体。我们确认了各种口味的存在，以提高适口性。虽然在所有样品中都检测到甘油和丙二醇，但在五种产品中，这些溶剂已被乙二醇所取代，成为主要的化合物。与常规使用的甘油和丙二醇相比，乙二醇会显著增加毒理危害。在某些样本中检测到了其他添加剂，如香豆素和乙酰胺，这些添加剂对人类健康产生了担忧。在28种产品中，有10种被制造商宣布为“不含尼古丁”。在这10种液体中，有7种的尼古丁含量在0.1-15A微克/毫升之间。这表明在子弹生产过程中可能会发生成分的“残留”。我们进一步分析了一个广泛分布的无尼古丁品牌中的碳酸酯化合物的形成。顶空GC-MS分析表明，只有在150摄氏度的温度下才能检测到大量的甲醛、乙醛和丙醛。此外，使用采用的机器吸烟方案，在规定的喷雾馏分中发现了醛的增强形成。然而，这种效果被推迟了，只在吸烟过程的最后三分之一观察到。在占总蒸汽量40%的这些组分的排放中，检测到与传统烟草香烟相似的甲醛水平。相比之下，在较早收集的馏分中几乎检测不到碳酸酯化合物。我们的数据表明，有必要制定标准化的机器吸烟协议，以可靠地解决电子烟对消费者可能产生的风险。
Electronic (e-)cigarettes have emerged in recent years as putative alternative to conventional tobacco cigarettes. These products do not contain typical carcinogens that are present in tobacco smoke, due to the lack of combustion. However, besides nicotine, hazards can also arise from other constituents of liquids, such as solvents, flavors, additives and contaminants. In this study, we have analyzed 28 liquids of seven manufacturers purchased in Germany. We confirm the presence of a wide range of flavors to enhance palatability. Although glycerol and propylene glycol were detected in all samples, these solvents had been replaced by ethylene glycol as dominant compound in five products. Ethylene glycol is associated with markedly enhanced toxicological hazards when compared to conventionally used glycerol and propylene glycol. Additional additives, such as coumarin and acetamide, that raise concerns for human health were detected in certain samples. Ten out of 28 products had been declared "free-of-nicotine" by the manufacturer. Among these ten, seven liquids were identified containing nicotine in the range of 0.1-15 A mu g/ml. This suggests that "carry over" of ingredients may occur during the production of cartridges. We have further analyzed the formation of carbonylic compounds in one widely distributed nicotine-free brand. Significant amounts of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde were only found at 150 A degrees C by headspace GC-MS analysis. In addition, an enhanced formation of aldehydes was found in defined puff fractions, using an adopted machine smoking protocol. However, this effect was delayed and only observed during the last third of the smoking procedure. In the emissions of these fractions, which represent up to 40 % of total vapor volume, similar levels of formaldehyde were detected when compared to conventional tobacco cigarettes. By contrast, carbonylic compounds were hardly detectable in earlier collected fractions. Our data demonstrate the necessity of standardized machine smoking protocols to reliably address putative risks of e-cigarettes for consumers.