Drivers of increased soil erosion in East Africa's agro-pastoral systems: changing interactions between the social, economic and natural domains
Drivers of increased soil erosion in East Africa's agro-pastoral systems: changing interactions between the social, economic and natural domains
复制标题
东非农牧系统土壤侵蚀加剧的驱动因素：社会、经济和自然领域之间相互作用的变化
DOI：
10.1007/s10113-019-01520-9
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Wynants M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wynants M
土壤侵蚀加剧是东非农业和畜牧业土地退化的主要驱动因素之一。这一严重问题的根源在于历史上对共同适应的农牧系统的破坏。中央政府推行的农业增长政策导致时间和空间规模与复杂和动态的东非环境不匹配，随后导致土壤枯竭，肥力下降和土壤侵蚀加剧。土地使用、私有化、定居、排斥和边缘化等强制性政策导致土著社会和经济结构逐渐受到侵蚀。再加上新的民族国家无法提供（重新）发展社会和经济领域所需的许多服务，许多社区缺乏能够持续适应不断变化的内部和外部冲击和压力的关键组成部分。典型的例子是农业生产力和农业以外的生计选择没有增长，这阻碍了吸收不断增加的人口，并迫使社区过度开发自然资源。这进一步增加了对生态系统的社会和经济压力，使农牧系统陷入退化的恶性循环。为了使可持续土地管理计划的制定和实施具有可持续性，当局需要考虑到土壤侵蚀加剧的复杂驱动因素。可持续集约化应对人口增长需求的实例表明，需要保护适应当地情况的系统的完整性，但不能将其与外部压力隔离开来。各社区必须加强而不是放弃社会、经济和自然领域之间的现有联系，从而提高生产力，使其经济多样化。适应当地情况的管理做法需要纳入区域、国家和超国家机构。一个地方社区能够获得农业技术和国家服务的嵌套式政治和经济框架，是区域发展可持续农牧系统的一个关键先决条件，以保障土壤健康、粮食和生计安全。
Increased soil erosion is one of the main drivers of land degradation in East Africa’s agricultural and pastoral landscapes. This wicked problem is rooted in historic disruptions to co-adapted agro-pastoral systems. Introduction of agricultural growth policies by centralised governance resulted in temporal and spatial scale mismatches with the complex and dynamic East African environment, which subsequently contributed to soil exhaustion, declining fertility and increased soil erosion. Coercive policies of land use, privatisation, sedentarisation, exclusion and marginalisation led to a gradual erosion of the indigenous social and economic structures. Combined with the inability of the new nation-states to provide many of the services necessary for (re)developing the social and economic domains, many communities are lacking key components enabling sustainable adaptation to changing internal and external shocks and pressures. Exemplary is the absence of growth in agricultural productivity and livelihood options outside of agriculture, which prohibits the absorption of an increasing population and pushes communities towards overexploitation of natural resources. This further increases social and economic pressures on ecosystems, locking agro-pastoral systems in a downward spiral of degradation. For the development and implementation of sustainable land management plans to be sustainable, authorities need to take the complex drivers of increased soil erosion into consideration. Examples from sustainable intensification responses to the demands of population increase, demonstrate that the integrity of locally adapted systems needs to be protected, but not isolated, from external pressures. Communities have to increase productivity and diversify their economy by building upon, not abandoning, existing linkages between the social, economic and natural domains. Locally adapted management practices need to be integrated in regional, national and supra-national institutions. A nested political and economic framework, wherein local communities are able to access agricultural technologies and state services, is a key prerequisite towards regional development of sustainable agro-pastoral systems that safeguard soil health, food and livelihood security.