Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging
Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging
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老年学和人口老龄化百科全书
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_167-1
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发表时间：
2019
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
De Tavernier W
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作者：
De Tavernier W
D. Gu，ME Dupre（eds.），Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging，https：//doi. org/10.1007/978-3-030-22009-9高收入国家的老年人和最年长的老年人。这一变化归因于三个主要因素：老年人生存率的提高，二战后大量出生的人口（“婴儿潮一代”）进入老年阶段，以及出生率下降（Christensen等人，2009年）。自20世纪50年代以来，在许多国家，百岁老人的数量呈指数级增长，这主要是由于高龄老人死亡率下降（Robine和Cubaynes，2017年）。福利、教育和社会经济条件的改善以及医疗成就和医疗制度的改善可能是死亡率下降的原因。然而，这也提出了一个问题，即与早期百岁老人出生队列的同龄人相比，最近出生的百岁老人队列是否在更虚弱的状态下存活，残疾和疾病水平是否更高（“成功假设失败”）或生存率的提高是否反映了更健康的状况，残疾和疾病较少（“成功的成功假说”）（Gruenberg 1977），从而增加生存的机会。纵观人类历史，百岁老人一直被神话所笼罩，主要是赞美这些长寿个体的极端健康。百岁老人甚至被宣布为健康老龄化的例子（Franceschi和Bonafe 2003），这与年龄增加与发病率增加和功能下降相关的一般知识是违反直觉的。因此，丹麦第一项百岁老人研究（1895年出生队列）的目的是对全国所有百岁老人的出生队列进行流行病学研究，没有资格标准。为了评估百岁老人是否是健康的幸存者，该研究包括对认知和身体功能的全面评估以及医疗检查和静脉血液样本。在1895年的出生队列研究之后，又对1905年、1910年和1915年出生的99-100岁丹麦人进行了三项队列研究，以评估健康和功能的长期趋势。
D. Gu, ME Dupre (eds.), Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging, https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-030-22009-9 of old and oldest-old people in high-income countries. This change is attributed to three major factors: improved survival of older people, the large post-World War II birth cohorts (“The Baby Boomers”) entering the old age segment, and declining birth rates (Christensen et al. 2009). In many countries the number of centenarians has increased exponentially since the 1950s, mainly explained by declines in oldest-old mortality (Robine and Cubaynes 2017). Increased welfare, education, and socioeconomic conditions as well as medical achievements and improved medical treatment regimes are likely explanations for the decline in mortality. However, this raises also a question of whether more recent birth cohorts of centenarians have survived in a more frail state and with higher levels of disability and disease compared to their age peers from earlier centenarian birth cohorts (“Failure of success hypothesis”) or whether the improved survival reflects a healthier condition with less disability and disease (“Success of success hypothesis”)(Gruenberg 1977), thereby augmenting the chances of survival. Through the history of mankind, centenarians have always been shrouded by myths, mainly praising the extreme good health of these long-lived individuals. Centenarians have even been declared as examples of healthy aging (Franceschi and Bonafe 2003), which is counterintuitive to the general knowledge that increasing age is associated with increased morbidity and functional decline. The aim of the first Danish centenarian study (the 1895 birth cohort) was therefore to undertake an epidemiological study of a nationwide birth cohort of all 100-year-old persons with no eligibility criteria. To assess whether centenarians are healthy survivors, the study included a thorough assessment of cognitive and physical functions as well as a medical examination and venous blood samples. The 1895 birth cohort study was followed by further three cohort studies of 99–100-year-old Danes born in 1905, 1910, and 1915, which allowed for the assessment of secular trends in health and functioning.