Perspectives on an ecosystem approach to ecogenic challenges in the Great Laurentian Basin and beyond
Perspectives on an ecosystem approach to ecogenic challenges in the Great Laurentian Basin and beyond
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对大劳伦盆地及其他地区生态挑战的生态系统方法的看法
DOI：
10.1080/14634988.2013.763011
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
H. Regier
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. Regier
在过去的三个世纪里，北美的渔业科学和实践在原住民的经验和欧洲入侵者引进的做法的基础上务实地出现。随着捕捞范围扩大到低价值鱼类，以及削弱有价值物种自然生产的其他文化压力的加剧，实现高价值捕捞的可持续性变得越来越困难。渔业的历史在捕捞、林业、农业和其他“发展”特征（包括各种废物的处理）方面具有相似之处。此外，一个部门“传统进步”的不利后果会溢出，削弱其他部门的利益。被称为“生态学”的启发式思维景观的特征可能与人类历史一样古老，在该特征中解决不断发展的自然/文化复合体的可持续性问题。生态思维景观包含了生态学、经济学、生态学、生态学和其他生态研究中隐含的共享概念和实践传统。这里的“生态”指的是作为整体现实的自然/文化复合体，包括部分和整体。实验、还原论分析和定量模型在这种不断发展的理解中发挥着重要但还不够的作用。在这里，我将我的个人叙述（大约八年之久）置于这种新兴的生态思维景观中，最初关注的是劳伦森大湖盆地的鱼类和渔业。我们的生活是复杂的事件，其中的事件不能被强行纳入线性时空叙述中。我与其他许多人一起参与了解决跨文化/跨司法管辖区环境中重大问题的合作网络，每个网络都在从地方到全球的生态组织的几个嵌套层次上：识别和纠正不良捕捞和环境做法，以实现可持续的高价值渔业；诊断观察到的水生生态系统退化的原因，以抑制有害的、相互作用的压力并实现恢复；加强渔民和监管机构之间早期的合作治理传统；并评估气候变暖对冷血鱼在其变暖和其他压力栖息地中可能产生的影响。经过文化改造的大型自然过程（阳光、风、雨）产生了大量有价值的商品；但其他经过文化改造的自然过程（火灾、洪水、干旱）也会造成巨大的危害。此类善意和危害的任何表现都超越了任何特定私有财产或政府管辖范围的空间界限。通过对好的和/或坏的生态现实进行公正的治理，利他和自私的承诺都需要公平地履行。我们网络的政策目标是生态系统完整性、可持续利用、公正治理和关怀管理，同样是在从地方到全球的生态组织的空间层面上。通过道德话语，我们参与了适应性共同管理举措，由科学研究人员、计算专家、传统知识管理者、资源收获者、环境使用者、政府管理者、知情活动家和经济关心者反复参与。这种务实的协作“科学”以谨慎和透明的方式进行，提供了可靠的见解，相对不受那些提倡相反议程的否认者的伪科学攻击。
During the past three centuries in North America, the science and practice of fisheries emerged pragmatically based on experiences of Native Peoples and on practices imported by invading Europeans. Achieving sustainability of high-value harvests became progressively more difficult with expansion of harvesting to low value fish and intensification of other cultural stresses that undercut natural production of the valued species. The history of fisheries has parallels in trapping, forestry, agriculture and other features of ‘development’ including disposal of wastes of all kinds. Further, adverse consequences of ‘conventional progress’ in one sector spilled over to undercut benefits in others. Features of an heuristic mindscape termed ‘ecogeny’, within which to address sustainability in evolving natural/cultural complexes, may be as old as human history. An ecogenic mindscape subsumes implicitly-shared conceptual and practical traditions in ecology, economics, ekistics, ecosophy and other eco-studies. Here ‘eco’ refers to a natural/cultural complex as a holonistic reality, both part and whole. Experimentation, reductionist analyses and quantitative models play important, but not sufficient, roles in this evolving understanding. Here I have situated my personal account, some eight decades long, within this emerging ecogenic mindscape as focused initially on fish and fisheries in the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin. Our lives are complex happenings, with events that cannot be forced into a linear spatio-temporal narrative. With many others, I participated in collaborative networks that addressed major issues in trans-cultural/trans-jurisdictional settings, each at several nested levels of ecogenic organization from local to global: identifying and correcting bad fishing and environmental practices to achieve sustainable high-value fisheries; diagnosing causes of observed degradation of aquatic ecosystems in order to suppress harmful, interacting stresses and achieve rehabilitation; strengthening earlier collaborative governance traditions among fishers and regulators; and assessing likely effects of climate warming on cold-blooded fish in their warming and otherwise stressed habitats. Large culturally-modified natural processes (sun, wind, rain) generate vast amounts of valued goods; but other culturally-modified natural processes (fire, flood, drought) also generate vast harm. Any manifestation of such goods and harms transcends the spatial boundaries of any particular private property or governmental jurisdiction. With just governance of good and/or bad ecogenic realities, both altruistic and selfish commitments need to be exercised fairly. Our networks’ policy goals were ecosystem integrity, sustainable use, just governance and caring stewardship, again at spatial levels of ecogenic organization from local to global. With ethical discourse, we engaged in adaptive co-management initiatives with iterative participation by scientific researchers, experts in computing, traditional knowledge stewards, resource harvesters, environmental users, governmental administrators, informed activists and econumenistic care-givers. Done carefully and transparently, this pragmatic kind of collaborative ‘science’ provides reliable insight that is relatively impervious to pseudo-scientific attacks from deniers promoting contrary agendas.