Tourism and Citizenship: Rights, Freedoms and Responsibilities in the Global Order
Tourism and Citizenship: Rights, Freedoms and Responsibilities in the Global Order
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旅游与公民身份：全球秩序中的权利、自由和责任
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发表时间：
2015
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通讯作者：
R. Welten
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文献类型：
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作者：
I. Hermann;R. Welten
拉乌尔·比安奇，马库斯·斯蒂芬森（2013）。旅游与公民：全球秩序中的权利、自由和责任。伦敦和纽约：Routledge出版社，280页。在我们似乎“生活在一个日益流动的世界，国际旅行变得更加‘民主’”（第2页）的时候，一本根据最近的全球变化和日益复杂和不平等的跨境流动挑战这些假设的书似乎是合适的。通过全球公民的视角考察人类的流动性，这本书说明了国际旅行的不同流动，以及对公民身份的理解被想象、重建和制度化的方式的后果。作者认为，“国际旅行是消费公民更民主、流动和包容的世界秩序的典型表现”（第3页）。取而代之的是，他们认为这些公民定义和实践的变化是由一系列因素引起的，这些因素超出了在地缘政治框架内控制和执行的静态权利和义务，并挑战了参与国际旅游是“文明生活”或（全球）公民身份的指标的自由主义立场。在全面的介绍之后，本书以六个章节开始，说明了旅游和公民之间的多种关系，特别关注行动自由权和旅行权之间的关系。第一章全面概述了历史上构成我们对公民身份理解框架的主要概念和理论观点。本章以马歇尔的现代公民权概念为出发点，展示了休闲和旅行的扩张是如何与国家干预和社会计划紧密联系在一起的，这些干预和社会计划将休闲和旅行作为所有成员都享有的社会权利和公民福利。然而，从20世纪80年代开始，国家作为仁慈保护者的角色逐渐被新兴的新自由主义议程所破坏和改变，这“推动了休闲和‘自由时间’的商品化，并转向更以市场为导向的旅游供应”（第35页）。因此，本章说明了“旅游市场化”如今如何掩盖了旅游的社会层面，以至于提供补贴或低成本的休闲和旅游被视为市场扭曲和经济增长和发展的潜在风险。第二章继续深入分析了公民身份的转变，从一个现代自由主义概念“锚定在主权领土民族国家的范围内，向一套更加流动和多层次的观念转变，这些观念是在各种后民族主义、文化权利和多元文化公民身份的话语中获知和构成的”（第46页）。本章提出了“流动公民”作为一个框架，通过它来理解旅游成为全球流动性和跨国公民概念的主要特征的各种方式，重新调整超越民族国家传统界限的权利和义务平衡。通过几个例子和最近的研究，本章说明了资本和市场的快速全球化对流动性和自由的扩张性具有重大影响，特别是在“新”全球精英阶层的出现中。相反，作者对所谓的“非游客”人口的增长给出了尖锐的描述，这些人居住在国家边界内，不流动和/或无国籍。考虑到国际旅游对这些对立群体的影响，他们认为，流动的能力并不能立即转化为全球公民或世界主义的概念；相反，他们主张承认灵活的公民身份或更根深蒂固的世界主义形式。．．．
Raoul Bianchi, Marcus Stephenson (2013). Tourism and Citizenship: Rights, Freedoms and Responsibilities in the Global Order. London and New York: Routledge, 280 pages. ISBN 978-0-415-70738-1At a time when it seems that we "are living in an increasingly mobile world and that international travel has become more 'democratic'" (p. 2), a book that challenges these assumptions in the light of recent global changes and increasingly complex and unequal cross-border movements seems appropriate. By examining human mobility through the lens of global citizenship, the book illustrates the different flows of international travel and the consequences for the ways in which understanding of citizenship is imagined, reconstructed and institutionalized. The authors contend that "international travel represents a quintessential expression of a more democratic, mobile and inclusive world order of consumer citizens" (p.3). In its place, they consider these changes in citizenship definitions and practices to be caused by a range of factors that go beyond static rights and duties controlled and enforced within a geo-political framework and challenge the libertarian stance that participating in international tourism is an indicator of a 'civilized life' or (global) citizenship. After a comprehensive introduction the book commences with six chapters to illustrate the manifold relationships between tourism and citizenship, with a particular focus on the alignments between the right to freedom of movement and the right to travel.Chapter 1 presents a comprehensive overview of the main concepts and theoretical viewpoints that have historically framed our understandings of citizenship. By using Marshall's modern conception of citizenship as a starting point, the chapter shows how the expansion of leisure and travel was closely tied to state interventions and social programs that underpinned leisure and travel as social rights and citizenship benefits to be enjoyed by all members. However, from the 1980s onwards the role of the state as benevolent protector has become progressively undermined and transformed by an emergent neoliberal agenda, which "fuelled the commodification of leisure and 'free time' and the shift toward more market-oriented tourism provision" (p. 35). Consequently, the chapter illustrates how the 'marketization of tourism' nowadays has overshadowed the social dimension of travel to a point at which the provision of subsidized or low-cost leisure and travel is perceived as a market distortion and a potential risk for economic growth and development.Chapter 2 continues with a thorough analysis of the transformation of citizenship from a modern liberal conception "anchored within the confines of the sovereign territorial nationstate towards a much more fluid and multilayered set of ideas informed and constituted within a variety of post-national discourses of cosmopolitanism, cultural rights and multicultural citizenship" (p. 46). The chapter brings forward 'mobile citizenship' as a framework through which to understand the various ways in which tourism has become a major feature of global mobility and transnational notions of citizenship, realigning the balance of rights and duties beyond the traditional confines of the nation state. Drawing on several examples and recent studies, the chapter illustrates that the rapid globalization of capital and markets has major implications for the expansive nature of mobility and freedom, especially noticeably in the emergence of 'new' global elite classes. Conversely, the authors give a sharp account of the growing population of so-called 'nontourists', those residing within national boundaries that are immobile and/or stateless. Bearing in mind the effect of international tourism on these opposing groups, they argue that the capacity to be mobile does not instantly translate to notions of global citizenship or cosmopolitanism; instead they advocate the acknowledgement of flexible citizenship or more rooted forms of cosmopolitanism. …