Letters From Batticaloa - TMVP's Emergence and the Transmission of Conflict in Eastern Sri Lanka
Letters From Batticaloa - TMVP's Emergence and the Transmission of Conflict in Eastern Sri Lanka
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来自拜蒂克洛的信件 - TMVP 的出现和斯里兰卡东部冲突的蔓延
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发表时间：
2008
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通讯作者：
Ariel Sánchez Meertens
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作者：
Ariel Sánchez Meertens
2004 年 3 月，卡鲁纳·安曼 (Karuna Amman) 宣布退出猛虎组织（泰米尔伊拉姆猛虎解放组织），该组织是一个寻求在斯里兰卡北部和东部建立独立泰米尔国家的武装组织。叛逃六个月后，卡鲁纳发起了一场新的政治运动——泰米尔人解放猛虎组织 (TMVP)——进入主流政治，同时仍然从事针对他的前叛乱伙伴的反叛乱行动。五年后（2009年5月），斯里兰卡内战结束。我认为卡鲁纳的叛逃和猛虎人解组织的成立是结束斯里兰卡内战的关键因素。我还认为，TMVP 是战争得以延续和改变的实践和合法化叙事的集体体现。因此，TMVP 凝聚了社会政治变革和跨代知识转移；我认为这两个关键过程能够在很长一段时间内维持和改变任何战争。因此，对 TMVP 形成的记录和批判性分析为扩大和挑战冲突研究和人类学中当前的争论提供了独特的机会。 TMVP 的组建无疑具有重大影响，因为猛虎组织每时每刻都损失了大约 40% 的人力和近一半的控制领土。还因为这次叛逃意味着猛虎组织面临有史以来最大规模的情报泄露；因为 TMVP 成为其迄今为止高度凝聚力和等级结构的最大和最公开的挑战者；最后，因为持不同政见者不仅指责猛虎组织所声称反对的事情（歧视），而且还因为他们将这些指控与地区身份和大量战斗人员联系起来。然而，参与 TMVP 的出现还需要探索这种现象如何成为某些冲突认识论的产物和潜在产生者。因此，本研究还探讨了知识转移的社会空间，通过这些空间，冲突的含义和原因被传播到武装运动之外；同样维持和改变内战。对猛虎人解的出现以及知识转移空间的民族志描述为斯里兰卡战争的可持续性和转变提供了一个解释框架。但这些记载也将显示相反的情况，即传播过程的发现如何有助于解释 TMVP 的出现。为了达到这样的结果，本文提出了一个新的概念，即语义联盟，这是本次研究的一个重要理论成果，适用于世界各地的其他案例和不同的社会现象。虽然本书有助于揭示代际知识转移和 TMVP 形成过程中发生的转变，但更重要的是，它们都准确地展示了这些改变是如何实现的。在此过程中，对这些社会现象的处理旨在挑战、扩大、阐明和完善当前的辩论，尤其是关于战争的社会再生产的辩论。
In March 2004 a man known as Karuna Amman announced his defection from the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), an armed group seeking the formation of an independent Tamil state in the north and east of Sri Lanka. Six months after his defection, Karuna launched a new political movement – the Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP) [Tamil People Linberation Tigers] - entering mainstream politics while still engaged in counterinsurgency operations against his former rebel partners. Five years later (May 2009), the Sri Lankan civil war ended. I argue that Karuna’s defection and TMVP’s formation were crucial factors in bringing the Sri Lankan civil war to an end. I also maintain TMVP is a collective embodiment of the practices and legitimising narratives through which the war was perpetuated and altered. Thus, TMVP condenses both a socio-political transformation and a cross-generational knowledge transfer; two key processes that I claim sustain and change any war over prolonged periods of time. The documentation and critical analysis of TMVP’s formation provides therefore a unique opportunity to expand and challenge current debates in conflict studies and anthropology. TMVP’s formation had unquestionable material implications because from one moment to the next the LTTE lost about 40% of its manpower and nearly half the territory under their control. But also because the defection meant the biggest intelligence breach ever faced by the LTTE; because TMVP turned into the largest and most overt challenger of its heretofore highly cohesive and hierarchical structure; and finally, because the dissidence not only accused the LTTE of exactly that which they allegedly were fighting against (discrimination), but because they connected such allegations to regional identity and to a considerable army of combatants. However, engaging with TMVP’s emergence also demands an exploration of how that phenomenon is a product and potential producer of certain epistemologies of conflict. Hence, this research also addresses the social spaces of knowledge transfer through which the meanings and reasons of conflict were transmitted outside the armed movement; equally sustaining as well as transforming the civil war. The ethnographic accounts of both TMVP’s emergence as well as the spaces of knowledge transfer render an explanatory framework for the sustainability and transformation of war in Sri Lanka. But the accounts will also show the opposite, namely, how the findings of the transmission process help explain the emergence of TMVP. In order to achieve such results, this dissertation proposes a novel concept coined as semantic alliance, a crucial theoretical outcome of this investigation applicable in other cases around the world and for different social phenomena. While this book contributes to revealing what was transformed throughout the intergenerational knowledge transfers and with TMVP’s formation, more crucially they all show precisely how these alterations were pursued. Whilst doing so, the treatment of these social phenomena is set to the service of challenging, broadening, articulating and refining current debates, most notably with regards to the social reproduction of war.