Cross-cultural music cognition:: cognitive methodology applied to North Sami yolks
Cross-cultural music cognition:: cognitive methodology applied to North Sami yolks
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DOI：
10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00068-8
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发表时间：
2000-07-14
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Louhivuori, J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Krumhansl, CL;Toivanen, P;Louhivuori, J
这篇文章是对北萨米蛋黄中旋律期待的研究，这种音乐风格与西方调性音乐截然不同。采取了三种不同的办法。第一种方法是在一个有代表性的语料库的18个蛋黄音调的统计风格分析。该分析确定了音调开始和两个和三个音调过渡的相对频率。它还确定了风格特征，如五声性取向，两个参考音高的存在，大辅音间隔的频率，以及相对较大的可能的旋律延续。第二种方法是一个行为实验，让听众对旋律的延续做出判断。有三组听众参加。一组来自萨米文化，第二组由学过蛋黄的芬兰音乐学生组成，第三组由不熟悉蛋黄的西方音乐家组成。与图式预期（基于一般风格特征）相比，专业知识与更强的真实预期（对于正确的下一个音调）相关。熟悉特定的蛋黄被发现可以弥补缺乏音乐文化的经验。第三种方法用自组织映射（SOM）类型的神经网络模型模拟旋律预期（Kohonen，T。（1997年）。自组织映射（第二版）。柏林：施普林格）。一个模型接受了行为实验中使用的蛋黄摘录的训练，包括正确的延续音调，而另一个模型接受了芬兰民歌和路德会赞美诗的训练。这三种方法的收敛性表明，听者和SOM模型都受到音调和音调序列的统计分布的影响。听众和SOM模型还提供了证据，支持一套核心的心理原则，其相对权重似乎不同的音乐风格的旋律形成。(C)2000 Elsevier Science B.V.保留所有权利。
This article is a study of melodic expectancy in North Sami yolks, a style of music quite distinct from Western tonal music. Three different approaches were taken. The first approach was a statistical style analysis of tones in a representative corpus of 18 yolks. The analysis determined the relative frequencies of tone onsets and two- and three-tone transitions. It also identified style characteristics, such as pentatonic orientation, the presence of two reference pitches, the frequency of large consonant intervals, and a relatively large set of possible melodic continuations. The second approach was a behavioral experiment in which listeners made judgments about melodic continuations. Three groups of listeners participated. One group was from the Sami culture, the second group consisted of Finnish music students who had learned some yolks, and the third group consisted of Western musicians unfamiliar with yolks. Expertise was associated with stronger veridical expectations (for the correct next tone) than schematic expectations (based on general style characteristics). Familiarity with the particular yolks was found to compensate for lack of experience with the musical culture. The third approach simulated melodic expectancy with neural network models of the self-organizing map (SOM) type (Kohonen, T. (1997). Self-organizing maps (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer). One model was trained on the excerpts of yolks used in the behavioral experiment including the correct continuation tone, while another was trained with a set of Finnish folk songs and Lutheran hymns. The convergence of the three approaches showed that both listeners and the SOM model are influenced by the statistical distributions of tones and tone sequences. The listeners and SOM models also provided evidence supporting a core set of psychological principles underlying melody formation whose relative weights appear to differ across musical styles. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.