Mode of Production or Mode of Cultivation: Explaining the Failure of European Cocoa Planters in Competition with African Farmers in Colonial Ghana
Mode of Production or Mode of Cultivation: Explaining the Failure of European Cocoa Planters in Competition with African Farmers in Colonial Ghana
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生产方式或种植方式：解释欧洲可可种植园主在加纳殖民地与非洲农民竞争时的失败
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发表时间：
1996
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
G. Austin
中科院分区：
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作者：
G. Austin
早期的殖民地加纳2是世界可可种植历史上最戏剧性的先驱繁荣之一的所在地。加纳从1891年开始出口可可(图德霍普，1909-1910，34年)；仅仅20年后，它就以近4万吨的收成成为世界上最大的生产国；1923年，收成首次超过20万吨(凯，1972,336)。考虑到种植和第一次结果之间的平均间隔大约是五年(奥斯汀，1984,389-90年)，一棵树的产量直到很久以后才达到顶峰(Beckett，1944，71)，很明显，年产量超过20万吨的能力在1918年之前就已经种植了。在接下来的15年里，产出的增长放缓并停止，主要是对1917年以后实际生产者价格大幅下降的滞后反应(贝特曼，1974,286-303,316-18年)。1936年311 000吨的总量是创纪录的，直到1957年加纳脱离英国独立后的几年(凯，1972,336-7)。过去十年的殖民统治见证了实际生产者价格的部分复苏。这刺激了种植速度的提高，特别是在林区的西北部，这日益抵消了老可可地区生产能力的下降，这些地区正在遭受树木老化、土壤肥力恶化，特别是膨胀的新梢病毒的影响(贝特曼，1974,286-307,315-19,323)。
Early colonial Ghana2 was the site of one of the most dramatic pioneer booms in the world history of cocoa cultivation. Ghana began to export cocoa in 1891 (Tudhope, 1909–10, 34); only twenty years later it became the world’s largest producer with a harvest of nearly 40 000 tons; and in 1923 the harvest was over 200 000 tons for the first time (Kay, 1972, 336). Given that the average gap between planting and first fruiting was about five years (Austin, 1984, 389–90) and that a tree’s yield did not peak until much later (Beckett, 1944, 71), it is clear that the capacity to yield over 200 000 tons a year had been planted before 1918. The growth of output slowed and stopped within the next decade and a half, primarily in lagged response to much lower real producer prices from 1917 onwards (Bateman, 1974, 286–303, 316–18). The 1936 total of 311 000 tons was a record and remained so until some years after Ghana’s independence from Britain in 1957 (Kay, 1972, 336–7). The last decade of colonial rule saw a partial revival of real producer prices. This stimulated an increased rate of planting, especially in the northwest of the forest zone, which increasingly offset a decline in productive capacity in the older cocoa areas which were suffering from ageing trees, deteriorating soil fertility and, especially, swollen shoot virus (Bateman, 1974, 286–307, 315–19, 323).