Spatially and Temporally Resolved Analysis of Environmental Trade-Offs in Electricity Generation.
Spatially and Temporally Resolved Analysis of Environmental Trade-Offs in Electricity Generation.
复制标题
发电环境权衡的空间和时间解析分析。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
K. Sanders
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Peer;Jared B. Garrison;Craig P Timms;K. Sanders
美国电力部门是影响空气质量和气候排放的主要贡献者。它还需要大量的水来冷却热电厂。尽管这些影响在空间和时间上对生态系统和人类健康的影响不均匀，但在与决策相关的尺度上，对这些环境权衡的量化很少。这项工作量化了2011年德克萨斯州电力可靠性委员会（ERCOT）地区252个发电机组（egu）的每小时用水量、排放（即二氧化碳、氮氧化物和硫氧化物）和边际热率，采用了机组承诺和调度模型（UC&D）。评估了年、季节和日变化以及空间变异性。当在电网上标准化时，发现每小时平均排放和用水量强度（即每兆瓦时的输出）在电力需求最低时最高，因为基本负荷egu往往是最耗水和排放密集的。结果表明，很大一部分排放和用水量是由少数发电厂造成的，主要是基负荷燃煤发电机。在两种不同的转换方案下，用现代天然气联合循环装置取代8-10座现有发电厂，将使整个ERCOT地区的二氧化碳排放量、氮氧化物排放量、硫氧化物排放量和用水量分别减少19-29%、51-55%、60-62%和13-27%。
The US power sector is a leading contributor of emissions that affect air quality and climate. It also requires a lot of water for cooling thermoelectric power plants. Although these impacts affect ecosystems and human health unevenly in space and time, there has been very little quantification of these environmental trade-offs on decision-relevant scales. This work quantifies hourly water consumption, emissions (i.e., carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides), and marginal heat rates for 252 electricity generating units (EGUs) in the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) region in 2011 using a unit commitment and dispatch model (UC&D). Annual, seasonal, and daily variations, as well as spatial variability are assessed. When normalized over the grid, hourly average emissions and water consumption intensities (i.e., output per MWh) are found to be highest when electricity demand is the lowest, as baseload EGUs tend to be the most water and emissions intensive. Results suggest that a large fraction of emissions and water consumption are caused by a small number of power plants, mainly baseload coal-fired generators. Replacing 8-10 existing power plants with modern natural gas combined cycle units would result in reductions of 19-29%, 51-55%, 60-62%, and 13-27% in CO2 emissions, NOx emissions, SOx emissions, and water consumption, respectively, across the ERCOT region for two different conversion scenarios.