Searching for food in the wild: a nonhuman rimate’s expectations about invisible displacement
Searching for food in the wild: a nonhuman rimate’s expectations about invisible displacement
复制标题
在野外寻找食物：非人类灵长类动物对无形位移的期望
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Hauser
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Hauser
在一群半自由放养的恒河猴（Macaca mulatta）身上进行了五项涉及隐形位移的实验。这些实验的目的是在没有经过训练的情况下，评估当物体从人们的视线中消失时，人们会自发地产生什么样的期望。第一个实验是模仿对人类婴儿和儿童的研究，实验涉及一张桌子，上面有一个盒子，下面的地面上有第二个盒子。在桌子前面放置了一个遮挡器，挡住了受试者的视线。然后一块食物被放在封堵器后面，上面的盒子上面。然后，演示者取下封堵器，走开，允许受试者靠近。受试者总是在错误的底部框中搜索。这个错误可以解释为未能理解坚固性、容器或其他一些因素。它也可以被解释为由重力偏差引导的误差，即期望所有落体都垂直下落或落至最低点。实验2-5验证了这些假设。结果表明，恒河猴没有固有的底部盒子偏见，不会避开顶部盒子，并且确实认识到在某些情况下盒子可以包含或容纳食物。因此，例如，当两个盒子被放置在地面上，一个在另一个前面，并且被遮挡时，当一块食物被滚动到遮挡器后面（水平轨迹）后，受试者在附近的盒子中搜索。这表明恒河猴可以解决一个无形的位移问题，涉及固体容器，其中一个容器块移动到另一个容器。我们得出结论，恒河猴在实验1中的错误是由一个期望引导的，即所有的落物都是直线下降的，或者至少是最低的。这种期望代表了他们对物理对象和事件的知识的局限性。
Five experiments involving invisible displacements were run on a population of semi-free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The goal of these experiments was to assess, without training, the kinds of expectations individuals spontaneously set up when an object has moved out of sight. The first experiment, modeled after studies of human infants and children, involved a table with one box on the top surface and a second box lined up below on the ground. An occluder was placed in front of the table, blocking the subject’s view. A piece of food was then dropped behind the occluder, above the top box. The presenter then removed the occluder, walked away, and allowed the subject to approach. Consistently, subjects searched in the incorrect bottom box. This error can be interpreted as a failure to understand solidity, containment, or some other factor. It can also be interpreted as an error guided by a gravity bias, i.e. an expectation that all falling objects fall straight down or to the lowest point. Experiments 2–5 tested these alternative hypotheses. Results show that rhesus monkeys do not have an inherent bottom box bias, are not avoiding the top box, and do recognize that in some contexts boxes can contain or hold food. Thus, for example, when the two boxes are placed on the ground, one in front of the other, and occluded, subjects search in the near box after a piece of food has been rolled behind the occluder (horizontal trajectory). This shows that rhesus can solve an invisible displacement problem that involves solid containers, where one container blocks travel to the other container. We conclude that the rhesus monkey’s error in Experiment 1 is guided by an expectation that all falling objects fall straight down or, at least, to the lowest point. This expectation represents a limitation of their knowledge of physical objects and events.