THREAT-SENSITIVE PREDATOR AVOIDANCE IN DAMSELFISH-TRUMPETFISH INTERACTIONS
THREAT-SENSITIVE PREDATOR AVOIDANCE IN DAMSELFISH-TRUMPETFISH INTERACTIONS
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DOI：
10.1007/bf00300117
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发表时间：
1989-01-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
HELFMAN, GS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
HELFMAN, GS
在捕食者与猎物相互作用期间，随着攻击的升级或不同时间捕食者之间的捕食威胁可能会有所不同。提出了威胁敏感性假设，该假设预测猎物个体将通过以反映掠食性威胁严重程度的方式改变其回避反应，在捕食者回避与其他活动之间进行权衡。通过将猎物（三点雀鲷、Stegastes planifrons）与觅食捕食者（大西洋喇叭鱼、Aulostomus maculatus）模型一起展示，对这一假设进行了现场检验。在演示过程中，随着捕食者模型越来越近，雀鲷表现出越来越强烈的回避能力。一旦捕食者模型经过头顶，反应就会迅速减弱。较大的捕食者模型和那些以攻击姿势为导向的模型比较小的非攻击性模型会引起更强的回避反应，中间反应是由中等威胁的大小和方向组合引起的，而习惯化更常见于弱威胁的表现。较小的雀鲷比较大的雀鲷表现出更强的回避模型的能力。非回避活动，例如进食和领地防御，在演示期间被减少，或者在弱威胁演示期间更为常见。在大型雀鲷中，接近模型的行为（相当于围攻）更为常见，这再次反映了不同体型的猎物个体之间的脆弱程度。这些初步结果表明，根据威胁敏感性假说，受到捕食者威胁的雀鲷以分级方式做出反应，反映了捕食者造成的威胁程度。
Predatory threat can vary during a predator-prey interaction as an attack escalates or among predators at different times. A Threat-sensitivity hypothesis is presented which predicts that prey individuals will trade-off predator avoidance against other activities by altering their avoidance responses in a manner that reflects the magnitude of the predatory threat. This hypothesis was tested in the field by presenting prey (threespot damselfish, Stegastes planifrons) with models of foraging predators (Atlantic trumpetfish, Aulostomus maculatus). During a presentation, damselfish displayed progressively stronger avoidance as predator models were brought nearer; response waned rapidly once predator models passed overhead. Larger predator models and those oriented in a strike pose evoked stronger avoidance reactions than smaller and non-attacking models, intermediate responses were evoked by size and orientation combinations that were intermediate in threat, and habituation was more common to weakly-threatening presentations. Smaller damselfish showed stronger avoidance of models than did larger damselfish. Nonavoidance activities, such as feeding and territorial denfense, were curtailed during presentations or were more common during weakly threatening presentations. Approaches to the models, equated with mobbing, were more common among large damselfish, again reflecting degrees of vulnerability among different size prey individuals. These initial results indicate that damselfish threatened by predators respond in a graded manner that reflects the degree of threat posed by the predator, in accordance with the Threat-sensitivity hypothesis.