Pleistocene bears in the Swabian Jura (Germany): Genetic replacement, ecological displacement, extinctions and survival
Pleistocene bears in the Swabian Jura (Germany): Genetic replacement, ecological displacement, extinctions and survival
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DOI：
10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.060
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发表时间：
2011-12
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Susanne Münzel;M. Stiller;M. Hofreiter;Alissa Mittnik;N. Conard;H. Bocherens
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Susanne Münzel;M. Stiller;M. Hofreiter;Alissa Mittnik;N. Conard;H. Bocherens
在布劳博伊伦（斯瓦比亚汝拉）附近的Ach山谷的三个地理位置接近的洞穴（Hohle Fels，Geißenklösterle和Sirgenstein）进行的古发生学调查记录了大约28，00014 C BP的Ursus ingressus突然取代了Ursus spelaeus。新的放射性碳年代测定表明，在最终取代之前的4500年左右，北极熊的移民更早，至少与北极熊部分共存。这两种基因类型的洞熊使用相同的洞穴冬眠，并有相同的食草性饮食，如稳定同位素结果所示。相比之下，同域分布的棕熊（Ursus arctos）表现出明显不同的生态，如它们的同位素特征的食肉模式所示，并且可能在末次盛冰期（LGM）之前没有使用洞穴作为洞穴。一旦建立，年轻的洞熊（Ursus ingressus）仍然是唯一的洞熊，在经典洞熊（Ursus spelaeus）最后一次出现在Ach山谷和其他地方之后大约2000年。洞熊最后出现的年代为距今25，560 ± 130年，这证明了该物种在斯瓦比亚汝拉的避难所是错误的。洞熊灭绝后，棕熊接管了它们的洞穴和营养生态位，转而以植物性食物为主。
Palaeogenetic investigations in three geographically close caves (Hohle Fels, Geißenklösterle, and Sirgenstein) in the Ach Valley near Blaubeuren (Swabian Jura) document the sudden replacement of Ursus spelaeus by Ursus ingressus around 28,00014C BP. New radiocarbon dates suggest an earlier immigration of Ursus ingressus and at least a partial coexistence with Ursus spelaeus some 4500 years before the ultimate replacement. These two genetic types of cave bears used the same caves for hibernation and had the same herbivorous diet, as shown by the stable isotope results. In contrast, sympatric brown bears (Ursus arctos) exhibited a clearly different ecology, as shown by the carnivorous pattern of their isotopic signatures, and probably did not use the caves as dens before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Once established, the younger cave bear (Ursus ingressus) remained the only cave bear for only another circa 2000 years after the last appearance of the classical cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) in the Ach Valley and elsewhere. The final appearance of cave bear (sensu lato) is now dated to 25,560 ± 130 BP, disproving a refuge area of this species in the Swabian Jura. After the extinction of cave bears (sensu lato), brown bears took over their cave dens and their nutritional niche as they shift to a diet dominated by plant food.