The Negative Principle of Just Appropriation
The Negative Principle of Just Appropriation
复制标题
正义拨款的消极原则
DOI：
10.1080/00455091.2003.10716547
复制
发表时间：
2003
影响因子：
0.9
通讯作者：
Daniel Attås
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Daniel Attås
拥有和控制一件物品可以增强其保持器持有者的自由。财产保护这种自由，但它限制了所有其他人的自由。对于自由意志主义者来说，相对于外部对象划定自由的界限是一个核心而困难的挑战。什么能证明我拥有，比如说，我正在喝水的杯子？我想到了几个可能的答案：基于需要、福利、应得或平等的答案。这些都没有得到自由意志主义者的认可;可以说，这些都不能证明杯子里的私有财产是正当的。从所有权主义者的观点来看，任何财产的合法性都来自于其先前所有者的道德力量。所有者拥有转让的权力，使另一个人成为所有者的权力。证明我对杯子的所有权是正当的，是因为我行使了把杯子给我的人的权力;他的所有权是因为我行使了把杯子卖给他的人的权力;后者的所有权是因为我行使了把杯子遗赠给他的人的权力;等等。但是，这类一系列的转移，不管它们可能持续多久，都必须结束。一定有一个点，不是私有的东西变成了个人或团体的私有财产。自由意志主义者必须坚持一个公平占有的原则。这一原则具体规定了一个人可以以何种方式拥有以前不（私人）拥有的自然资源。
Possession and control of an object enhance the freedom of its holder. Property protects this freedom; but it restricts the freedom of ail others. Drawing the boundaries of freedom with respect to external objects is a central and difficult challenge for libertarians. What justifies my ownership of, say, the cup I am drinking from? Several possible answers come to mind: answers based on need, on welfare, on desert or on equality. None of these is endorsed by the libertarian; none of these, arguably, can justify private property in the cup. From a proprietarian point of view the legitimacy of any holding derives from the moral power of its previous owner. An owner has the power of transfer, the power to make another person the owner. What justifies my ownership of the cup is the exercise of the power of the person who gave it to me; his ownership was justified by the exercise of the power of the person who sold it to him; the latter's ownership was justified by the exercise of the power of the person who bequeathed it to him; and so on and so forth. But series of transfers of this kind, long as they may be, must come to an end. There must have been a point where something not privately owned became the private property of an individual or group. Libertarians must assert a principle of just appropriation. Such a principle specifies the ways in which a person can come to own a natural resource which was previously not (privately) owned.