THE RISE AND DECLINE OF URBAN APARTHEID IN SOUTH-AFRICA
THE RISE AND DECLINE OF URBAN APARTHEID IN SOUTH-AFRICA
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DOI：
10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098280
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发表时间：
1990-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
MAYLAM, P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
MAYLAM, P
1919年12月，一个代表开普敦非洲小镇恩达贝尼居民的代表团会见了土著事务部长，讨论该镇的未来。Ndabeni的居民面临着搬迁到一个新镇的前景。代表团的一位发言人对即将到来的搬迁表示失望，他告诉部长，开普敦似乎不需要非洲人：工作时只需要他们的手，如果能设计出某种神秘的安排，每天只把他们的手带到城里劳动，根本看不到他们的人和脸，那也许更适合他们的白色主人。[1]这位没有透露姓名、被人遗忘的发言人谈到了城市隔离和种族隔离的基本目标和根本矛盾。南非的大部分国家城市政策都是为了实现无法实现的目标：在没有劳动者的情况下获得劳动力。从这个基本矛盾中，又产生了许多别的矛盾、冲突和斗争。本文的目的是说明城市隔离、控制和种族隔离的政策和做法是如何演变的（就这些政策和做法对非洲人的影响而言），并审查近年来这一制度是如何开始出现崩溃迹象的。文章的第一部分试图对种族隔离城市的演变进行分期，并解释它为什么以及如何在某些时候以特定的形式出现。本节的重点是四个主要中心：金伯利、约翰内斯堡、开普敦和德班。第二部分探讨了城市种族隔离的主要机制和矛盾。它考虑了非洲城市劳动力如何随着时间的推移而再生产，以及谁承担了再生产的成本。这些问题引起了国家决策者之间的大量辩论，并在中央国家、地方国家和首都内部和之间产生了分歧和冲突。事实上，多年来，国家的大部分城市政策不得不集中在管理围绕城市种族隔离发展起来的矛盾、冲突和斗争上。这种管理的任务在某些时候已经比较成功地完成了
IN DECEMBER 1919 a deputation, representing the residents of Ndabeni, an African township in Cape Town, met the Minister of Native Affairs to discuss the future of the township. The residents of Ndabeni faced the prospect of relocation to a new township. A spokesperson for the delegation, expressing dismay at the impending move, told the minister that it appeared that Africans were not wanted in Cape Town: that only their hands were needed at work, and that if some mysterious arrangement could be devised whereby only their hands could be daily brought to town for purposes of labour and their persons and faces not seen at all, that would perhaps suit their white masters better. 1This spokesperson, unnamed and forgotten, was touching upon both the essential objective and the fundamental contradiction of urban segregation and apartheid. Much of state urban policy in South Africa has been directed towards attaining the unattainable: the securing of labour-power without labourers. Out of this fundamental contradiction has arisen many further contradictions, conflicts and struggles. It is the aim of this article to show how the policy and practice of urban segregation, control and apartheid have evolved (insofar as those policies and practices have affected Africans), and to examine how the system has begun to show signs of collapse in more recent years. The first part of the article tries to periodize the evolution of the apartheid city and to explain why and how it emerged in specific forms at certain times. In this section the focus will be on four main centres: Kimberley, Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban. The second part examines both the primary mechanisms and the contradictions of urban apartheid. It considers how the urban African labour force has been reproduced over time, and who has borne the costs of reproduction. These issues gave rise to considerable debate among state policy makers, and to divisions and conflicts within and between the central state, the local state and capital. Indeed, much of state urban policy over the years has had to be concentrated on managing the contradictions, conflicts and struggles that have developed around urban apartheid. This task of management has been achieved more successfully at certain times