Islamic Astronomical Tables in China The Sources for the Huihui li
Islamic Astronomical Tables in China The Sources for the Huihui li
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DOI：
10.1007/978-94-015-9862-0_2
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发表时间：
2002-12
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
B. Dalen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. Dalen
十三世纪的前十年，成吉思汗开创了蒙古领土从中国北部边境的草原迅速扩张为覆盖欧亚大陆大部分地区的世界帝国。到了 1260 年代，帝国涵盖了伊斯兰世界的伊朗部分和中国，帝国各地之间的旅行既安全又相对快捷。这不仅使商业繁荣，而且使工匠、学者和科学知识的交流成为可能。据此可知，一位名叫傅孟赤或傅木斋的中国天文学家活跃在马拉加（伊朗西北部）的天文观测站，该观测站由成吉思汗的孙子伊尔汗统治者希勒盖汗于 1259 年建立。这位天文学家很可能提供了所谓的中国回鹘历的技术细节，这是一种中国式的阴阳历，在许多蒙古时期的伊斯兰天文手册中都有描述。在蒙古征服之后的至少一个世纪里，这种历法在伊朗世界中得到了积极的使用，并且以使用中国十二进制动物周期的形式在伊朗年历中留下了痕迹，直到20世纪。 1 另一方面，元朝的官方编年史告诉我们，元朝的第一任皇帝是希勒盖的弟弟忽必烈汗（1260-1294），元朝的官方编年史告诉我们，一个名叫扎玛鲁丁的“西方人”（即穆斯林）于1267年来到中国，并向皇帝献上了七件天文仪器和一本天文手册或年历。 Yamada (1980, 48-58) 和 Yabuuti (1997, 12) 认为扎马鲁丁是天文学家 Jamal aI-Din MuJ: lammad ibn Tahir ibn MuJ: 来自布哈拉的 lammad al-Zaydi，曾在蒙古首都喀喇昆仑为大汗蒙哥 (1251-1259) 服务（另见 SaYlh 1960， 191-192）。扎马鲁丁所呈现的乐器在《元史》中有详细描述，并由田坂（1957）、哈特纳（1950）和宫岛（1982）部分根据其原始波斯名称的中文音译进行鉴定。扎马鲁丁的天文手册或年历，中文称为万年二（“万年历”或“万年历”），3 已不存在，但各种来源中有关该书的零散评论表明该书属于伊斯兰类型，并且在中国正式发行。 1271年，扎马鲁丁成为新成立的伊斯兰天文局的第一任局长，该局将继续与中国天文局平行运作近四个世纪。在这段时间的大部分时间里，根据伊斯兰天文学方法的计算结果与当代中国官方系统进行了比较。伊斯兰天文学因其中国天文学体系中不存在的行星纬度理论以及对日食的准确预测而在中国人中享有盛誉。然而，伊斯兰天文学的直接影响似乎有限。元代官方天文系统的基本程序，即郭守敬4（1281）的《守时二》，本质上都是
In the first decade of the thirteenth century, Chinggis Khan initiated the rapid expansion of the Mongol territory from the steppes on the northern border of China to a world empire that covered the largest part of the Eurasian continent. By the 1260s, the empire included both the Iranian part of the Islamic world and China, and travel between the various parts of the empire was safe and relatively quick. This not only allowed commerce to flourish, but also made possible an exchange of craftsmen and scholars and of scientific knowledge. Thus it is known that a Chinese astronomer named Fu Mengchi or Fu Muzhai was active at the astronomical observatory in Maragha (northwestern Iran), which was founded in 1259 by the Ilkhan ruler Hiilegii Khan, grandson of Chinggis. It is very probable that this astronomer provided the technical details of the so-called Chinese-Uighur calendar, a lunisolar calendar of Chinese type described in many Islamic astronomical handbooks from the Mongol period. This calendar was actively used in the Iranian world for at least a century after the Mongol conquest and has left traces on Iranian almanacs up to even the 20th century in the form of the use of the Chinese duodecimal animal cycle. 1 On the other hand, the official annals of the Yuan Dynasty, whose first emperor was Hiilegii's brother Khubilai Khan (1260-1294), inform us that a" westerner"(ie Muslim) named Zhamaluding2 came to China in 1267 and offered to the emperor seven astronomical instruments and an astronomical handbook or almanac. Yamada (1980, 48-58) and Yabuuti (1997, 12) identify Zhamaluding as the astronomer Jamal aI-DIn MuJ: lammad ibn Tahir ibn MuJ: lammad al-Zaydi from Bukhara, who served the Great Khan Mongke (1251-1259) in the Mongol capital Karakorum (see also SaYlh 1960, 191-192). The instruments presented by Zhamaluding are described in detail in the Yuan annals and have been identified by Tasaka (1957), Hartner (1950) and Miyajima (1982), partially on the basis of the Chinese transliterations of their original Persian names. Zhamaluding's astronomical handbook or almanac, which is referred to in Chinese as Wannian Ii (" Ten Thousand Year Calendar" or" Eternal Calendar"), 3 is not extant, but scattered remarks concerning it in various sources make clear that it was of Islamic type and that it was officially distributed in China. In 1271, Zhamaluding became the first director of the newly founded Islamic Astronomical Bureau, which would continue to operate parallel to the Chinese Astronomical Bureau for almost four centuries. During most of this time the results of calculations according to Islamic astronomical methods were compared with the contemporary official Chinese system. Islamic astronomy had a good reputation among the Chinese because of its theory of planetary latitudes, which did not exist in Chinese astronomical systems, and its accurate predictions of eclipses. However, the direct influence of Islamic astronomy seems to have been limited. The fundamental procedures in the official astronomical system of the Yuan Dynasty, the Shoushi Ii by Guo Shoujing4 (1281), are all essentially of