How design, management, and policy affect the performance of irrigation projects : emerging modernization procedures and design standards
How design, management, and policy affect the performance of irrigation projects : emerging modernization procedures and design standards
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设计、管理和政策如何影响灌溉项目的绩效：新兴的现代化程序和设计标准
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发表时间：
2002
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通讯作者：
H. Plusquellec
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作者：
H. Plusquellec
摘自粮农组织《灌溉和排水投资项目规划指南》 本附件转载了粮农组织投资中心第 11 号技术文件中涉及水管理和灌溉和排水系统运行的章节。第一部分：近期的经验教训和对规划的影响 技术的选择（第 29 页） 常识表明，灌溉技术的选择应基于其对预期种植模式的适用性，并且还应考虑成本效益。过去，灌溉工程师往往忽视了一个额外的需求：技术也必须与用户操作能力的复杂程度相匹配。越来越明显的是，设计过程必须从考虑用户如何操作系统开始；其设计应提供用水效率和具有成本效益的运营和维护的最佳组合。同样重要的是，设计者必须考虑用户将如何耕种土地以及这可能对方案布局产生的影响。因此，如果每公顷投资成本最低的设计还涉及大量员工进行运营，或者由于运营困难而无法充分利用，那么它可能不是最具成本效益的解决方案。另一方面，如果用户拒绝现代控制而选择传统的比例分配器，那么现代水控制结构的设计可能不会带来整体效率的提高。技术的选择，无论是为了新的开发还是为了修复现有的模式，多年来一直是争论的话题。尽管大多数灌溉工程师现在都同意设计的出发点必须是易于操作，但他们仍然倾向于两极分化。人们认为这个问题很大程度上是为了克服广泛的门控手动操作系统的液压不稳定性。它认为解决方案是对这些系统进行现代化改造，增加自动下游控制结构和其他旨在实现液压稳定性的反馈机制。另一种接受了农民在雨季干旱中遭受损失的现实，因此倾向于基于更粗糙和更坚固结构的设计；准时、基于需求的可能性
S FROM THE FAO GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE INVESTMENT PROJECTS This annex reproduces the sections from the FAO Investment Centre Technical Paper No 11 which are dealing with water management and operation of irrigation and drainage systems. Part I: Recent lessons and implications for planning Choice of technology (page 29) Commonsense dictates that the choice of a technology for irrigation should be based on its appropriateness for the cropping patterns intended and should also consider cost-effectiveness. In the past, irrigation engineers have tended to overlook an additional need: for the technology also to be matched to the level of sophistication of the operational capacity of the users. It has become increasingly obvious that the design process must start from a consideration of how the users will operate the system; this should be then designed to provide the optimum combination of efficiency in water use and cost-effective operation and maintenance. Equally important, the designer must consider how the users will cultivate their land and the implications that this may have for scheme layout. Thus it may be that the design which involves the lowest investment cost per hectare may not be the most cost-effective solution if it also involves a large number of staffers for its operation or if, because of operational difficulty, it cannot be used to capacity. On the other hand, a design of modern water control structures may not result in overall efficiency gains if the users reject the modern control in favour of their traditional proportional dividers. The choice of technology, whether for new development or for the rehabilitation of existing schemas, has been the subject of much debate over the years. While most irrigation engineers would now agree that the starting point for design must be ease of operation, they still tend to polarize into two camps. One sees the problem largely as overcoming the hydraulic instability of extensively gated manually operated systems; it sees the solution as the modernization of these systems, adding automatic downstream control structures and other feedback mechanisms designed to achieve hydraulic stability. The other accepts the reality of farmers’ damage in wet-season drought and so favours designs based on cruder and more robust structure; the possibility of just-on-time, demand-based