Management of Aquatic Resources in Large Catchments: Recognizing Interactions Between Ecosystem Connectivity and Environmental Disturbance
Management of Aquatic Resources in Large Catchments: Recognizing Interactions Between Ecosystem Connectivity and Environmental Disturbance
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大型流域水生资源管理：认识生态系统连通性与环境干扰之间的相互作用
DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4612-4382-3_5
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发表时间：
1992
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Ward
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Stanford;J. Ward
流域内的管理必须基于对河流生态系统结构和功能特性的自然连通性和变异性的经验性理解。河流是四维环境，涉及连接上游-下游、河道-潜流（地下水）和河道-漫滩（河岸）区域或斑块的过程，并且这些区域或斑块在时间上有所不同。自然和人类干扰，包括生物反馈（例如捕食、寄生和其他食物网动态），相互作用以确定流域生态系统最可能的生物物理状态。人类干扰可以通过与观察到的生物物理状态（基线）的偏差来定量确定，但这通常需要长期的生态数据集。总结了蒙大拿州（美国）和不列颠哥伦比亚省（加拿大）弗拉特黑德河湖系统的案例历史，以说明干扰如何在组织的流域层面相互作用。由于流域生态系统的自然复杂性和人类干扰的累积效应，获取长期数据的基本原理和后勤工作往往显得棘手且过于昂贵。天真的替代方案是派生并实施特定于机构的简单化程序，并且通常会导致管理行为相互干扰。我们认为需要在流域层面进行综合管理，并提出一些简单的原则，首先是为未来的管理者提供更广泛的大学培训。
Management within catchment basins must be approached with an empirically based understanding of the natural connectivity and variability of structural and functional properties of riverine ecosystems. Rivers are four-dimensional environments involving processes that connect upstream-downstream, channel-hyporheic (groundwater), and channel-floodplain (riparian) zones or patches, and these differ temporally. Natural and human disturbances, including biotic feedback (such as predation, parasitism, and other food web dynamics), interact to determine the most probable biophysical state of the catchment ecosystem. Human disturbances can be quantitatively determined by deviations from an observed biophysical state (baseline), but usually this requires long-term ecological data sets. A case history of the Flathead River-Lake system in Montana (USA) and British Columbia (Canada) is summarized to illustrate how disturbances interact at the catchment level of organization. Owing to the natural complexities of catchment ecosystems and the cumulative effects of human disturbances, the rationale and logistics of obtaining long-term data often seem intractable and excessively expensive. The naive alternative is to derive and implement simplistic procedures that are agency specific and often result in management actions that interfere with each other. We argue that integrated management at the catchment level is needed and propose some simple principles, beginning with broader based collegiate training for prospective managers.