Jaguar Conservation in Brazil : The Role of Protected Areas
Jaguar Conservation in Brazil : The Role of Protected Areas
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巴西的美洲虎保护：保护区的作用
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
L. Silveira
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Sollmann;N. Tôrres;L. Silveira
15作为热带美洲最大的捕食者，美洲虎面临着全世界大型食肉动物的典型威胁：栖息地丧失和迫害。大规模的栖息地转变(图1)摧毁了范围和景观，将美洲豹种群限制在保护区内。在养牛场与美洲豹牧场重叠的地方(图2)，作为对家畜捕食的报复，狩猎可能会导致该物种在当地灭绝(IUCN/SSC猫科动物专家组，1996)。因此，自1900年以来，美洲豹的整个射程减少了50%以上(Sanderson等人。2002年)，该物种被认为在最初发生该疾病的21个国家中的两个国家灭绝(猫科动物专家小组2002)。该物种的主要据点是6,915,000平方公里的亚马孙盆地，尽管巴拉圭查科和巴西与巴拉圭共享的潘塔纳尔湿地也被认为存在大量种群(Sanderson等人)，但该物种被列为世界自然保护联盟红色名录上的濒危物种(Cat专家组，2002年)。2002年)。根据最近的范围评估，美洲虎50%的分布在巴西(Sanderson等人)。2002年)。巴西对该物种的大范围保护变得更加重要，因为亚马逊盆地的一半位于巴西，为这种对该地区敏感的顶级捕食者的生存提供了大量未碎片化的栖息地。除了亚马逊森林，美洲虎还存在于巴西的其他四个生物群中：类似大草原的塞拉多、半干旱的卡丁加、沿海的大西洋森林和潘塔纳尔湿地。在这些生物群落中，生态条件以及人类种群的社会经济状况差异很大，因此美洲豹的保护地位可能会相应地变化。在全国范围内，该物种被列为受威胁物种(IBAMA 2003)。在区域和国家一级保护美洲虎等受威胁物种是巴西国家保护单位制度的一个明确目标(Sistema Nacional de Unidade de Protection ação-SNUC，IBAMA 2000)。在不断变化和发展的人类景观中，保护区是任何生物群中最重要的保护工具之一，应该成为区域保护规划的基石(Noss等人)。1996年，Margules&Pressey 2000，Rylands&Brandon 2005)。这项研究的目的是利用种群生存分析(PVA)中对保护区内美洲虎种群数量的估计，对巴西保护区对美洲虎在五个生物群中长期生存的潜力进行分类。通过比较不同生态区之间的结果，我们首次对巴西主要地区内美洲虎保护状况的差异进行了系统评估。巴西的美洲豹保护：保护区的作用
15 As the largest predator in the tropical Americas, the jaguar Panthera onca faces threats typical for large carnivores worldwide: Habitat loss and persecution. Large-scale habitat conversion (Fig. 1) collapses the range and fragments the landscape, constraining jaguar populations to protected areas. Where cattle ranching overlaps with jaguar range (Fig. 2), hunting as retaliation for domestic livestock predation can drive the species to local extinction (IUCN/ SSC Cat Specialist Group 1996). As a result, the jaguar’s entire range has been reduced by more than 50% since 1900 (Sanderson et al. 2002), and the species is thought to be extirpated in two of the 21 countries in which it originally occurred (Cat Specialist Group 2002). Listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List (Cat Specialist Group 2002), the species’ major stronghold is the 6,915,000-km2 Amazon basin, although significant populations are also thought to exist in the Paraguayan Chaco and the Pantanal wetlands shared by Brazil and Paraguay (Sanderson et al. 2002). According to a recent range-wide assessment, 50% of the jaguar’s distribution lies within Brazil (Sanderson et al. 2002). Brazil gains even more importance for the species’ range-wide conservation because half of the Amazon basin is located in Brazil and provides the large un-fragmented block of habitat essential for the survival of this area-sensitive top predator. In addition to the Amazon forest, jaguars occur in four other Brazilian biomes: the savannah-like Cerrado, the semi-arid Caatinga, the coastal Atlantic Forest, and the Pantanal wetlands. Ecological conditions, as well as the socio-economical situation of the human population vary widely among these biomes, so the jaguar’s conservation status is likely to vary accordingly. Nationally, the species is listed as threatened (IBAMA 2003). The protection of threatened species such as the jaguar on a regional and national level is an explicit objective of the Brazilian National System of Conservation Units (Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação – SNUC, IBAMA 2000). In an ever changing and developing human landscape, protected areas are one of the most important tools for conservation in any biome and should be cornerstones for regional conservation planning (Noss et al. 1996, Margules & Pressey 2000, Rylands & Brandon 2005). The purpose of this study was to classify the potential of the Brazilian protected areas for the jaguar’s longterm survival in the five biomes, utilizing estimates of jaguar population size in protected areas in a Population Viability Analysis (PVA). Comparing results between biomes, we give the first systematic assessment of differences in jaguar protection status within major regions of Brazil. Jaguar Conservation in Brazil: The Role of Protected Areas