Posttraining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Striate Cortex Disrupts Consolidation Early in Visual Skill Learning
Posttraining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Striate Cortex Disrupts Consolidation Early in Visual Skill Learning
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DOI：
10.1523/jneurosci.3712-11.2011
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发表时间：
2012-02-08
影响因子：
5.3
通讯作者：
Sack, Alexander T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
De Weerd, Peter;Reithler, Joel;Sack, Alexander T.
实践引起的技能表现的提高反映了“离线”巩固过程，超出了日常培训课程。根据视觉学习理论，当需要更高的分辨率时，由高水平区域驱动的早期快速学习阶段之后是由低水平视网膜区域驱动的晚期渐进学习阶段。因此，低级别区域不会有助于学习和离线巩固，直到后期学习。最近的研究挑战了这一概念，证明了初级视觉皮层（VI）和离线活动在非常有限的训练后对训练刺激的反应。然而，早期训练后VI中视觉技能记忆离线巩固的改良VI活动的行为相关性仍不清楚。在这里，我们使用神经导航经颅磁刺激（TMS）针对一个训练有素的视网膜VI位置，以测试人类低级别视觉皮层的行为相关的巩固。在第一次或第二次训练的45分钟内将TMS应用于训练的VI位置强烈干扰学习，如第二天受损的表现所测量的。干扰是有条件的任务上下文和发生时，只有在TMS的目标位置的培训之后，在TMS之前的第二个位置的培训。在这种情况下，高级区域可以耦合到第二位置并且与先前训练的低级表示解耦，从而使得合并易受干扰。我们的数据表明，在最低层次的视觉领域的技能学习的最早阶段，存在一个行为相关的形式巩固的鲁棒性是由高层次的，上下文因素控制。
Practice-induced improvements in skilled performance reflect "offline" consolidation processes extending beyond daily training sessions. According to visual learning theories, an early, fast learning phase driven by high-level areas is followed by a late, asymptotic learning phase driven by low-level, retinotopic areas when higher resolution is required. Thus, low-level areas would not contribute to learning and offline consolidation until late learning. Recent studies have challenged this notion, demonstrating modified responses to trained stimuli in primary visual cortex (VI) and offline activity after very limited training. However, the behavioral relevance of modified VI activity for offline consolidation of visual skill memory in VI after early training sessions remains unclear. Here, we used neuronavigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) directed to a trained retinotopic VI location to test for behaviorally relevant consolidation in human low-level visual cortex. Applying TMS to the trained VI location within 45 min of the first or second training session strongly interfered with learning, as measured by impaired performance the next day. The interference was conditional on task context and occurred only when training in the location targeted by TMS was followed by training in a second location before TMS. In this condition, high-level areas may become coupled to the second location and uncoupled from the previously trained low-level representation, thereby rendering consolidation vulnerable to interference. Our data show that, during the earliest phases of skill learning in the lowest-level visual areas, a behaviorally relevant form of consolidation exists of which the robustness is controlled by high-level, contextual factors.