Contrastive topics operate on speech acts
Contrastive topics operate on speech acts
复制标题
对比主题作用于言语行为
DOI：
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570959.003.0006
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Satoshi Tomioka
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Satoshi Tomioka
对比性的语义概念在焦点研究中经常被提及，特别是与问答对中的详尽答案、明显对比的陈述（“不是A而是B”）、纠正陈述、分裂/伪分裂以及与焦点和副词（如only和always）的关联等经验问题有关。然而，本文要考察的主要实证现象是与话题性相关的对比性，这在语用学文献中通常被视为焦点的极端对立。这两个概念的结合产生了一种特殊的语义/语用效果，通常表现为不完整性，非终结性和/或不确定性。本文的目的是发现这种效应是如何产生的。产生不完整感的语言表达在生成传统中很早就被注意到并讨论过。也许吧艾维斯英语中的B口音（cf. Jackendoff（1972）是第一个福尔斯这一类的经验现象。这种重音模式与其特定的语义语用效果之间的联系一直是许多后续作品的主题（例如，Carlson 1983，von Fintel 1994，Kadmon 2001，Büring 2003）。德语中的升降轮廓与英语中的A-/B-重音情况类似，在Büring（1997）和Krifka（1998）中进行了广泛的讨论。虽然英语和德语可以通过韵律线索产生“不完整”的效果，但也有一些语言除了韵律之外还使用特定的形态来获得类似的结果。日语和韩语就是这样的两种语言。事实上，对比性和
The semantic notion of contrastiveness is frequently mentioned in studies of focus, particularly in connection with such empirical issues as exhaustive answers in question-answer pairs, overtly contrasting statements (‘not A but B’), correcting statements, clefts/pseudo-clefts, and association with focus with adverbs like only and always. The main empirical phenomenon to be examined in this paper is, however, contrastiveness associated with topicality, which is typically placed as a polaropposite of focus in the pragmatics literature. The combination of the two notions is known to create a particular semantic/pragmatic effect that is often characterized as a sense of incompleteness, non-finality and/or uncertainty. The aim of this paper is to discover how this effect comes about. Linguistic expressions that generate a sense of incompleteness were noted and discussed fairly early in the generative tradition. Perhaps, Avs. B-accents in English (cf. Jackendoff 1972) are the first empirical phenomenon that falls into this category. The connection between this accent pattern and its particular semantic-pragmatic effect has been the topic of many subsequent works (e.g., Carlson 1983, von Fintel 1994, Kadmon 2001, Büring 2003). The Rise-Fall contour in German elicits effects similar to the English A-/B-accent cases, as discussed extensively in Büring (1997) and Krifka (1998). While English and German can produce the ‘incompleteness’ effects via prosodic cues, there are languages that make use of a particular morphology, in addition to prosody, to get comparable results. Japanese and Korean are two such languages. As a matter of fact, the connection between contrastiveness