Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus type 7 infection in cattle in Israel
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus type 7 infection in cattle in Israel
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DOI：
10.1136/vr.162.2.53
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发表时间：
2008-01-12
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Mertens, P. P. C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Yadin, H.;Brenner, J.;Mertens, P. P. C.
1955年8月，Shope等人（1955）首次报告了美国新泽西野生反刍动物中的流行性出血病（EHD）病毒（EHDV）感染。然而，在该研究期间收集的证据显示，自1890年以来，该疾病在美国定期爆发（Shope等人，1955年），并被诊断为黑胫病、肌性口炎、黑舌病或出血性败血症。20世纪50年代末，在美国的新泽西、华盛顿、密歇根和南达科他州，8月至9月也发生了类似的疫情（Shope等人，1960年）。鉴于该病在美国和加拿大的广泛空间分布，将其称为EHD。1959年8月至12月，日本发生了一种类似的疾病，其特征是牛的发热和口腔炎（Inaba 1975）。虽然它最初与日本牛的其他动物流行病混淆，包括“牛流行病热”或“牛流感”，但最终被称为“茨木病”（后藤1959）。在美国（Shope等人，1955年）和日本（Omori等人，1969 a，B），通过实验诱导典型临床体征，证明EHD和茨木病的病原体是病毒，在日本，一些作者称其为“蓝舌样”疾病（Omori，1961年，Inaba等人，1966年）。大多数感染EHDV的野鹿在接受检查之前就已经死亡。因此，对该病的第一次广泛描述是基于对实验感染鹿的观察（Shope等人，1960年）。EHD的一个不寻常的特征是它是由一种以上的血清学类型的病毒引起的，这是其他一些病毒性疾病包括蓝舌病、口蹄疫、水疱性口炎和流感所共有的特征（Shope等，1960）。EHD的临床表现也类似于蓝舌病病毒（BTV）引起的临床表现，包括结膜、口腔和鼻粘膜以及口鼻部水肿（Radostits等人，2007年）。“出血性疾病”的通用名称已被采用，包括蓝舌病、茨木病和EHD。在某些茨木病或EHD病例中，冠部出现糜烂和/或溃疡，导致跛行，舌头可能肿胀，类似于蓝舌病的特征性临床体征。在白尾鹿（Prestwood等，1974;托马斯等，1974）和牛（Foster等，1980;奥斯本和米勒，1983）中也报告了EHD和BTV同时感染引起的暴发。蓝舌病、EHD和茨木病都是由环状病毒引起的;茨木病毒现在被认为是EHDV血清型2的一种毒株，并且它与其他EHDV毒株/血清型共享交叉反应性表位（奈良佩里拉等，2000）。然而，BTV（原型环状病毒）代表了一种独特的病毒种类，并且与EHDV几乎没有血清学交叉反应（坎贝尔等，1978）。2006年9月5日，以色列兽医现场服务处接到通知，发现了一种新的牛病综合征; 8月底发现了第一批临床症状。最先注意到疫情的是以色列南部约旦河谷（裂谷的一部分）的几个奶牛场;受影响的奶牛表现出产奶量减少10%至20%和食欲不振，随后出现反刍减少、短期低烧、虚弱和步态僵硬的临床症状。其他体征包括明显的浆液性至脓性鼻涕、过度流涎、鼻和唇发红，伴有鳞屑和舌肿胀、发绀和糜烂。瘀点...
EPIZOOTIC haemorrhagic disease (EHD) virus (EHDV) infection was first reported in wild ruminants in New Jersey, USA, during August 1955 by Shope and others (1955). However, evidence gathered during that study revealed that outbreaks of the disease had been occurring periodically in the USA since 1890 (Shope and others 1955), and had been variously diagnosed as blackleg, mycotic stomatitis, black tongue or haemorrhagic septicemia. Similar outbreaks were also recorded between August and September in the late 1950s in the US states of New Jersey, Washington, Michigan and South Dakota (Shope and others 1960). The disease was termed EHD in view of its wide spatial distribution of outbreaks in the USA and Canada. During August to December 1959 a similar disease, characterised by fever and stomatitis in cattle, occurred in Japan (Inaba 1975). Although it was initially confused with other epizootic diseases in Japanese cattle, including ‘bovine epizootic fever’or ‘bovine influenza’, it was eventually called ‘Ibaraki disease’(Goto 1959). The aetiological agents responsible for EHD and Ibaraki disease were shown to be viruses by the experimental induction of typical clinical signs in the USA (Shope and others 1955), and in Japan (Omori and others 1969a, b) where some authors called it ‘bluetongue-like’disease (Omori 1961, Inaba and others 1966). Most wild deer infected with EHDV succumbed while they were ill, before being examined. The first extensive description of the disease was therefore based on observations of experimentally infected deer (Shope and others 1960). An unusual feature of EHD is that it is caused by more than one serological type of virus, a feature shared by some other viral diseases including bluetongue, foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and influenza (Shope and others 1960). The clinical manifestations of EHD are also similar to those caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), including oedema of the conjunctiva, the oral and nasal mucous membranes and the muzzle (Radostits and others 2007). The generic name ‘haemorrhagic diseases’ has been adopted to encompass bluetongue, Ibaraki disease and EHD. In some cases of Ibaraki disease or EHD, erosions and/or ulcerations develop at the coronets, causing lameness, and the tongue can become swollen, resembling the characteristic clinical signs of bluetongue. Outbreaks caused by concurrent EHD and BTV infections have also been reported in white-tailed deer (Prestwood and others 1974, Thomas and others 1974) and cattle (Foster and others 1980, Osburn and Miller 1983). Bluetongue, EHD and Ibaraki disease are all caused by orbiviruses; Ibaraki virus is now recognised as a strain of EHDV serotype 2, and it shares cross-reactive epitopes with other EHDV strains/serotypes (Nara Periera and others 2000). However, BTV (the prototype orbivirus) represents a distinct virus species, and shows little if any serological crossreaction with EHDV (Campbell and others 1978). On September 5, 2006, The Israeli Veterinary Field Services were notified of a novel disease syndrome in cattle; the first clinical signs had been seen towards the end of August. The outbreak was first noticed on several dairy farms in the southern Jordan River Valley in Israel (part of the Rift Valley); affected cows showed a 10 to 20 per cent reduction in milk production and loss of appetite, followed by clinical signs of reduced rumination, a short-term low fever, weakness and stiff gait. Additional signs included prominent serous to purulent nasal discharge, excessive salivation, and nasal and lip redness, with scaling and tongue swelling, cyanosis and erosions. Petechiae …