Preventing facial recognition when rendering MR images of the head in three dimensions
Preventing facial recognition when rendering MR images of the head in three dimensions
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DOI：
10.1016/j.media.2007.10.008
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发表时间：
2008-06-01
影响因子：
10.9
通讯作者：
Bullitt, Elizabeth
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Budin, Francois;Zeng, Donglin;Bullitt, Elizabeth
在美国，未经患者同意，不得公开任何患者特定信息。这一规定导致了对共享头部和大脑的三维图像感兴趣的人的困难，因为患者的面部可能从皮肤表面的3D绘制中被识别。迄今为止采用的方法包括脑剥离和完全切除切割平面前的面部，其中每一种都丢失了有关颅骨表面、气窦和眼眶的潜在重要解剖信息。本文介绍了一种新的方法，涉及（a）前面的脸所在的平面的定义，和（B）该平面前的皮肤表面的变形的可调水平。基于使用强制选择的用户性能研究，我们得出结论，大约30%的人有从未更改图像的3D渲染中识别的风险，并且鼻子以下的面部截断并不妨碍面部识别。移除切割平面前面的面可能会干扰准确配准，并可能删除重要的解剖信息。我们的新方法几乎没有改变基础解剖结构，并且不会阻止有效配准到一个共同的坐标系。虽然这里提出的方法是不完全有效的（一个主题是一致公认的强迫选择研究设计，即使在最大变形水平），本文可能会指出一个困难的问题，在文献中很少受到关注的解决方案。(C)2007 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。
In the United States it is not allowed to make public any patient-specific information without the patient's consent. This ruling has led to difficulty for those interested in sharing three-dimensional (31)) images of the head and brain since a patient's face might: be recognized from a 3D rendering of the skin surface. Approaches employed to date have included brain stripping and total removal of the face anterior to a cut plane, each of which lose potentially important anatomical information about the skull surface, air sinuses, and orbits. This paper describes a new approach that involves (a) definition of a plane anterior to which the face lies, and (b) an adjustable level of deformation of the skin surface anterior to that plane. On the basis of a user performance study using forced choices, we conclude that approximately 30% of individuals are at risk of recognition from 3D renderings of unaltered images and that truncation of the face below the level of the nose does not preclude facial recognition. Removal of the face anterior to a cut plane may interfere with accurate registration and may delete important anatomical information. Our new method alters little of the underlying anatomy and does not prevent effective registration into a common coordinate system. Although the methods presented here were not fully effective (one subject was consistently recognized under the forced choice study design even at the maximum deformation level employed) this paper may point a way toward solution of a difficult problem that has received little attention in the literature. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.