Nordic Seas Heat Loss, Atlantic Inflow, and Arctic Sea Ice Cover Over the Last Century
Nordic Seas Heat Loss, Atlantic Inflow, and Arctic Sea Ice Cover Over the Last Century
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DOI：
10.1029/2020rg000725
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发表时间：
2021-02
影响因子：
25.2
通讯作者：
L. Smedsrud;Morven Muilwijk;Ailin Brakstad;E. Madonna
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
L. Smedsrud;Morven Muilwijk;Ailin Brakstad;E. Madonna
向极海洋热传输是地球系统的一个关键过程。我们详细介绍并回顾了自 1900 年以来与海冰覆盖相关的北大西洋水流 (AW)、北冰洋热量传输以及向大气的热量损失。我们的合成主要基于由再分析大气（1900-2018）推动的海冰-海洋模型，并得到综合水文学数据库（1950-）、AW流入观测（1996-）以及海冰范围（1900-）、冰川退缩（1984-）和巴伦支海水文学（1900-）的其他长期时间序列的证实。自 20 世纪 70 年代以来，包括北欧海和巴伦支海在内的北冰洋已经变暖。这种变暖与海洋热传输和海冰损失的增加相一致，并导致格陵兰岛海洋终止冰川的退缩。北欧海域向大气的热量损失最大（占总量的 60%），其变化很大，与该地区冷空气爆发和气旋的频率有关，但没有长期的统计显着趋势。巴伦支海（∼30%）和更北的北冰洋（∼10%）的热量损失总体较小，但表现出较大的积极趋势。自 1900 年以来，AW 流入量、大气总热损失和密集流出量均有所增加。这些通过理论标度一致相关，但 AW 流入量的增加也是风驱动的。上个世纪，北冰洋二氧化碳吸收量增加了约 30%，这与北冰洋海冰消失导致海气相互作用增强的情况一致，占全球吸收量的约 8%。
Poleward ocean heat transport is a key process in the earth system. We detail and review the northward Atlantic Water (AW) flow, Arctic Ocean heat transport, and heat loss to the atmosphere since 1900 in relation to sea ice cover. Our synthesis is largely based on a sea ice‐ocean model forced by a reanalysis atmosphere (1900–2018) corroborated by a comprehensive hydrographic database (1950–), AW inflow observations (1996–), and other long‐term time series of sea ice extent (1900–), glacier retreat (1984–), and Barents Sea hydrography (1900–). The Arctic Ocean, including the Nordic and Barents Seas, has warmed since the 1970s. This warming is congruent with increased ocean heat transport and sea ice loss and has contributed to the retreat of marine‐terminating glaciers on Greenland. Heat loss to the atmosphere is largest in the Nordic Seas (60% of total) with large variability linked to the frequency of Cold Air Outbreaks and cyclones in the region, but there is no long‐term statistically significant trend. Heat loss from the Barents Sea (∼30%) and Arctic seas farther north (∼10%) is overall smaller, but exhibit large positive trends. The AW inflow, total heat loss to the atmosphere, and dense outflow have all increased since 1900. These are consistently related through theoretical scaling, but the AW inflow increase is also wind‐driven. The Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake has increased by ∼30% over the last century—consistent with Arctic sea ice loss allowing stronger air‐sea interaction and is ∼8% of the global uptake.