How income inequality influenced personal decisions on disaster preparedness: A multilevel analysis of homeowners insurance among Hurricane Maria victims in Puerto Rico
How income inequality influenced personal decisions on disaster preparedness: A multilevel analysis of homeowners insurance among Hurricane Maria victims in Puerto Rico
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101953
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发表时间：
2021-01-27
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Smith, Tony E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ma, Chenyi;Baker, Amy Castro;Smith, Tony E.
飓风玛丽亚以狂风肆虐波多黎各，并损坏了超过三分之一的被占领房屋。为了实现房屋恢复，房主保险为重建和维修提供了重要的财政资源。然而，目前尚不清楚哪些因素决定了房主在此类灾害发生前采用HI的可能性。本研究探讨了个人收入和社区收入不平等如何影响个人决定采取HI遭受飓风玛丽亚损害的房主。使用联邦紧急事务管理局（N = 265，807）收集的个人援助住房数据，我们采用了四个嵌套的多水平logistic回归来估计家庭患HI的概率。首先，我们最简单的随机截距模型发现，在881个人口普查区域中，HI采用概率存在显着差异。第二，当加入个别住户及住屋特征后，收入较高的住户采用HI的可能性显著较高。第三，在基尼系数四分位数范围方面增加收入不平等表明，相对于最低范围，三个较高范围的人口普查区域的家庭不太可能采用HI。最后，收入和收入不平等之间可能的相互作用表明，收入不平等显着影响收入和HI采用行为之间的关系。具体而言，收入不平等对穷人和富人发挥了不同的作用：阻碍低收入家庭的HI采用行为，而促进高收入家庭的HI采用行为。制定政策时应考虑公私伙伴关系，以解决最容易受到住房损害的低收入家庭的医疗保险负担能力问题。
Hurricane Maria ravaged Puerto Rico with massive winds and damaged more than 1/3 of its occupied homes. To achieve home recovery, Homeowners insurance (HI), provides an important financial resource for rebuilding and repairing. Yet, it is not known which factors determine the likelihood of homeowners adopting HI prior to such disasters. This study examines how individual income and community income inequality influenced personal decisions to adopt HI by homeowners suffering damage from Hurricane Maria. Using Individual Assistance Housing data collected by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (N = 265,807), we employed four nested multi-level logistic regressions to estimate household probabilities of having HI. First, our simplest random-intercept model found significant variation in HI adoption probabilities across 881 census tracts. Second, when adding individual household and housing characteristics, households with higher incomes were significantly more likely to adopt HI. Third, the addition of income inequalities in terms of Gini quartile ranges showed that relative to the lowest range, households in the three higher-range census tracts were less likely to adopt HI. Finally, the addition of a possible interaction between income and income inequality showed that income inequality significantly influenced the relationship between income and HI adoption behavior. Specifically, income inequality played different roles for poor and rich: impeding HI adoption behavior for low-income households while facilitating such a behavior for high-income households. Policy formulation should consider public-private partnerships to address HI affordability for those low-income households most vulnerable to housing damage.