Encapsulation of Multiple Biological Compounds Within a Single Electrospun Fiber
Encapsulation of Multiple Biological Compounds Within a Single Electrospun Fiber
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DOI：
10.1002/smll.200801750
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发表时间：
2009-07-03
期刊：
影响因子：
13.3
通讯作者：
Wnek, Gary E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dong, Bin;Smith, Meghan E.;Wnek, Gary E.
静电纺丝作为一种多功能的聚合物加工技术，在过去的几十年里受到了广泛的关注。[1]对这种技术的持续研究涉及研究形态和化学成分的控制的基础研究，[2]以及静电纺丝纤维的定向。[3]静电纺丝已被发现是一种有价值的加工方法，用于各种应用，包括纳米纤维增强复合材料，[4]防护服，[5]过滤，[6]传感器，[7]组织工程支架，[8]和伤口敷料。[9]由于纳米纤维的独特几何形状提供的大的表面积与体积比，电纺纤维对于用于功能材料的封装特别感兴趣。例如，Xie等人已经观察到包封在电纺纤维中的酶的反应性比固体膜中的酶高6倍[10]，Demir等人发现纳米纤维内钯的催化活性比传统钯催化剂高4.5倍。[11]近年来，由于多孔纳米级电纺纤维基质与天然纤维状细胞外基质（ECM）之间的相似性，大量研究集中在电纺纤维在组织工程中用于药物、基因或蛋白质递送的治疗应用。通过创建模拟天然组织的基质结构，与光滑表面相比，纳米纤维支架表现出改善的生物相容性。[12]基于静电纺丝纳米纤维的组织工程支架也可以最大限度地减少植入后的组织重组，并提高移植物长期成功的可能性。[13]除了具有仿生结构外，这些静电纺丝纤维还可用于生物活性材料的掺入和控制释放。这些纤维也可用于提供未释放的敏感材料的免疫隔离。例如，质粒DNA已成功整合到电纺共聚物支架中并从中释放，释放的DNA完全能够进行细胞转染。[14]通常，通过同轴电纺丝或将待包封的材料与聚合物溶液直接结合来实现生物活性材料在电纺丝纤维内的包封。利用同轴静电纺丝技术成功地将牛血清白蛋白（BSA）以核/鞘结构的形式引入到可生物降解的聚己内酯中。[15此外，药物超细纤维已经通过静电纺丝药物的混合物来制造，例如盐酸四环素，[17]布洛芬，[18]或利福平，[19]和溶液中的聚合物，从而直接将化合物掺入静电纺丝纤维中。将生物活性材料包封在电纺纤维内的另一种方法可以被描述为"两相"电纺，其中将生物材料的水溶液与有机聚合物溶液混合以形成两相悬浮液。然后将该悬浮液静电纺丝，导致聚合物纤维内的水性储库的封装。这种技术已被用于将蛋白质包封[20]，包括生长因子[21]和细胞色素C [22]到生物相容性聚合物中。大多数使用静电纺丝进行递送的研究集中在一种组分的包封和释放。然而，对于许多应用，包括组织工程，期望从同一电纺纤维释放多种化合物[23]。为了实现这一点，生物材料的空间分离是必要的[24]。封装...
Electrospinning has garnered considerable attention in the past few decades as a versatile polymer-processing technique.[1] Ongoing research into this technique has involved fundamental studies investigating the control of morphology and chemical composition,[2] as well as directed orientation of the electrospun fibers.[3] Electrospinning has been found to be a valuable processing approach, with uses in a variety of applications, including nanofiber-reinforced composites,[4] protective clothing,[5] filtration,[6] sensors,[7] tissue-engineering scaffolding,[8] and wound dressings.[9] Electrospun fibers are of particular interest for use in the encapsulation of functional materials due to the large surface-area-to-volume ratio that the unique geometry of the nanofibers provides. For example, Xie et al. have observed enzymes encapsulated in electrospun fibers that were 6 times more reactive than those in a solid membrane [10] and Demir et al. found that the catalytic activity of palladium inside nanofibers was 4.5 times higher than a traditional palladium catalyst.[11] Recently, considerable research has been focused on the therapeutic applications of electrospun fibers for drug, gene, or protein delivery in tissue engineering, due to the similarity between a porous nanoscale electrospun fibrous matrix and the naturally occurring fibrillar extracellular matrix (ECM). By creating a matrix architecture that mimics that of the native tissue, nanofibrous scaffolds exhibit improved biocompatibility when compared to smooth surfaces.[12] Tissue-engineering scaffolds based on electrospun nanofibers may also minimize tissue reorganization after implantation and improve the possibility of long-term success of the graft.[13] In addition to possessing a biomimetic structure, these electrospun fibers can be used for the incorporation and controlled release of bioactive materials. These fibers can also be used to provide immunoisolation of nonreleased sensitive materials. For example, plasmid DNA has been successfully incorporated into, and released from, an electrospun copolymer scaffold, with the released DNA being fully capable of cell transfection.[14]In general, the encapsulation of bioactive materials within electrospun fibers is achieved through either coaxial electrospinning or direct incorporation of the material to be encapsulated with the polymeric solution. Coaxial electrospinning has been utilized to successfully incorporate bovine serum albumin (BSA) into biodegradable poly (caprolactone) in the form of a core/sheath structure.[15, 16] Also, medicated ultrafine fibers have been fabricated by electrospinning a mixture of a drug, such as tetracycline hydrochloride,[17] ibuprofen,[18] or rifampicin,[19] and a polymer in solution, thus directly incorporating the compound into the electrospun fibers. Another approach to the encapsulation of bioactive materials within electrospun fibers can be described as ‘‘twophase’’electrospinning, where an aqueous solution of the biological material is mixed with an organic-polymer solution to form a biphasic suspension. This suspension is then electrospun, resulting in the encapsulation of aqueous reservoirs within the polymer fibers. This technique has been used to encapsulate proteins,[20] including growth factors [21] and cytochrome C,[22] into biocompatible polymers. Most research using electrospinning for delivery focuses on the encapsulation and release of one component. However, for many applications, including tissue engineering, it would be desirable for multiple compounds [23] to be released from the same electrospun fiber. In order to achieve this, spatial separation of biological materials [24] is necessary. The encapsulation of …