Neural stem cells: brain building blocks and beyond.
Neural stem cells: brain building blocks and beyond.
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DOI：
10.3109/03009734.2012.665096
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发表时间：
2012-05
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Forsberg-Nilsson K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bergström T;Forsberg-Nilsson K
神经干细胞是神经元和神经胶质的起源，通过中间前体的形成，产生哺乳动物中枢神经系统的所有分化神经细胞。尽管频率较低，但神经干细胞在出生后的大脑中会持续存在，在那里它们会产生神经元和神经胶质。成人的神经发生发生在一生中少数有限的大脑区域。在中枢神经系统发育和成人生活中，神经干细胞数量的调节与严格的控制有关。这种调节的失败可能导致大脑畸形，学习和记忆受损，或肿瘤的发展。神经胶质瘤中受到干扰的信号通路与神经干细胞自我更新、分化、存活和迁移的信号通路相同。人类胶质瘤的异质性阻碍了有效的治疗，但详细的分子表征以及反映原始肿瘤的新型干细胞样胶质瘤细胞模型为研究新疗法提供了机会。神经干细胞可以在体外分离和扩增，这一发现为医学研究开辟了新的途径，人们希望它们可以用来弥补几种严重神经系统疾病中出现的细胞损失。多能神经干细胞可以从胚胎和成人大脑中分离出来，并在特定的培养基中培养。此外，神经干细胞可以通过体外分化从胚胎干细胞和诱导多能干细胞中获得，从而增加了研究健康和疾病中的干细胞的现有模型。
Neural stem cells are the origins of neurons and glia and generate all the differentiated neural cells of the mammalian central nervous system via the formation of intermediate precursors. Although less frequent, neural stem cells persevere in the postnatal brain where they generate neurons and glia. Adult neurogenesis occurs throughout life in a few limited brain regions. Regulation of neural stem cell number during central nervous system development and in adult life is associated with rigorous control. Failure in this regulation may lead to e.g. brain malformation, impaired learning and memory, or tumor development. Signaling pathways that are perturbed in glioma are the same that are important for neural stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, survival, and migration. The heterogeneity of human gliomas has impeded efficient treatment, but detailed molecular characterization together with novel stem cell-like glioma cell models that reflect the original tumor gives opportunities for research into new therapies. The observation that neural stem cells can be isolated and expanded in vitro has opened new avenues for medical research, with the hope that they could be used to compensate the loss of cells that features in several severe neurological diseases. Multipotent neural stem cells can be isolated from the embryonic and adult brain and maintained in culture in a defined medium. In addition, neural stem cells can be derived from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells by in vitro differentiation, thus adding to available models to study stem cells in health and disease.