On zero error algorithms having oracle access to one query

On zero error algorithms having oracle access to one query
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关于 Oracle 访问一个查询的零错误算法

DOI:
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发表时间:
2006
影响因子:
1
通讯作者:
Venkatesan T. Chakaravarthy
Venkatesan T. Chakaravarthy
中科院分区:
数学4区
文献类型:
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作者:
Jin;Venkatesan T. Chakaravarthy

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据了解,$${ m S}_{2}^{p} 子集eq { m ZPP}^{NP}$$(蔡,2001)。 $${中是否包含ZPPNP的反方向 m S}_{2}^{p}$$ 保持开放状态。我们证明,如果零错误算法只允许向 NP 预言机询问一次查询(对于任何输入和随机字符串),那么它可以在 $${ m S}_{2}^{p}$$。也就是说,我们证明$${ m S}_{2}^{p}$$。接下来我们考虑上面的结果是否可以改进为$${ m ZPP}^{NP[1]} 子集eq { m P}^{NP}$$ 并指出这样做的困难。通过简单的证明,我们观察到 BPP ⊆ ZPPNP[1](在一些先前的工作中隐式证明的结果)。因此,实现上述改进将意味着 BPP ⊆ PNP,解决了一个长期悬而未决的问题。然后我们认为,上述改进可以在多项式时间层次结构的下一个级别获得。也就是说,我们证明$${ m ZPP}^{Sigma_{2}^{p}[1]} 子集eq { m P}^{Sigma_{2}^{p}[2]}$$。另一方面,通过调整我们的主要结果证明,可以证明 $${ m ZPP}^{Sigma_{2}^{p}[1]} 子集eq { 米S}_{2}^{ m NP[1]}$$。为了比较这两个结果,我们证明 $${ m P}^{Sigma_{2}^{p}} 子集eq { 米S}_{2}^{ m NP[1]}$$。我们通过观察得出结论,上述主张扩展到了层次结构的更高级别:对于 k ≥ 2,$${ m ZPP}^{Sigma_{k}^{p}[1]} 子集eq { m P}^{Sigma_{k}^{p}[2]}$$ 和 $${ m P}^{Sigma_{k}^{p}} 子集eq { m S}_{2}^{Sigma_{k-1}^{p}[1]}$$。
It is known that $${ m S}_{2}^{p} subseteq { m ZPP}^{NP}$$ (Cai, 2001). The reverse direction of whether ZPPNP is contained in $${ m S}_{2}^{p}$$ remains open. We show that if the zero-error algorithm is allowed to ask only one query to the NP oracle (for any input and random string), then it can be simulated in $${ m S}_{2}^{p}$$. That is, we prove that $${ m S}_{2}^{p}$$. Next we consider whether the above result can be improved as $${ m ZPP}^{NP[1]} subseteq { m P}^{NP}$$ and point out a difficulty in doing so. Via a simple proof, we observe that BPP ⊆ ZPPNP[1] (a result implicitly proven in some prior work). Thus, achieving the above improvement would imply BPP ⊆ PNP, settling a long standing open problem.We then argue that the above mentioned improvement can be obtained for the next level of the polynomial time hierarchy. Namely, we prove that $${ m ZPP}^{Sigma_{2}^{p}[1]} subseteq { m P}^{Sigma_{2}^{p}[2]}$$. On the other hand, by adapting our proof of our main result it can be shown that $${ m ZPP}^{Sigma_{2}^{p}[1]} subseteq { m S}_{2}^{ m NP[1]}$$. For the purpose of comparing these two results, we prove that $${ m P}^{Sigma_{2}^{p}} subseteq { m S}_{2}^{ m NP[1]}$$. We conclude by observing that the above claims extend to the higher levels of the hierarchy: for k ≥ 2,$${ m ZPP}^{Sigma_{k}^{p}[1]} subseteq { m P}^{Sigma_{k}^{p}[2]}$$ and $${ m P}^{Sigma_{k}^{p}} subseteq { m S}_{2}^{Sigma_{k-1}^{p}[1]}$$.