The Origins of Scaling in Cities
The Origins of Scaling in Cities
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DOI：
10.1126/science.1235823
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发表时间：
2013-06-21
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
Bettencourt, Luis M. A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bettencourt, Luis M. A.
尽管城市在人类社会中的重要性日益增加，但我们科学地理解城市并在实践中管理城市的能力仍然有限。对城市进行科学研究的最大困难来自于城市的许多相互依赖的方面，如社会、经济、基础设施和空间复杂系统，这些系统在大范围内以相似但不断变化的形式存在。在这里，我展示了所有城市是如何根据一套在当地运作的基本原则发展的。我们开发了一个理论框架来预测城市的平均社会、空间和基础设施属性，作为一组适用于所有城市系统的尺度关系。这些预测得到了世界各地数千个城市的证实，这些城市来自许多不同发展水平的城市系统。研究表明，衡量城市效率的措施，即衡量社会经济产出和基础设施成本之间的平衡，与城市规模无关，可能是评价城市规划战略的有用手段。
Despite the increasing importance of cities in human societies, our ability to understand them scientifically and manage them in practice has remained limited. The greatest difficulties to any scientific approach to cities have resulted from their many interdependent facets, as social, economic, infrastructural, and spatial complex systems that exist in similar but changing forms over a huge range of scales. Here, I show how all cities may evolve according to a small set of basic principles that operate locally. A theoretical framework was developed to predict the average social, spatial, and infrastructural properties of cities as a set of scaling relations that apply to all urban systems. Confirmation of these predictions was observed for thousands of cities worldwide, from many urban systems at different levels of development. Measures of urban efficiency, capturing the balance between socioeconomic outputs and infrastructural costs, were shown to be independent of city size and might be a useful means to evaluate urban planning strategies.