The Global Burden of Lead Toxicity Attributable to Informal Used Lead-Acid Battery Sites
The Global Burden of Lead Toxicity Attributable to Informal Used Lead-Acid Battery Sites
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DOI：
10.1016/j.aogh.2016.10.015
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发表时间：
2016-09-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Fuller, Richard
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ericson, Bret;Landrigan, Phillip;Fuller, Richard
由于缺乏接触数据，先前对中低收入国家环境铅接触造成的疾病负担的计算没有包括对铅污染场地造成的负担的估计，从而低估了一个严重的公共卫生问题。我们利用公开的统计数据和详细的现场评估数据，对90个低收入中等收入国家非正式废旧铅酸电池（ULAB）回收者的数量和由此产生的暴露量进行了建模。我们使用美国环境保护署的儿童铅暴露摄取生物动力学模型和成人铅模型来估计血铅水平（BLLs）。最后，我们使用世界卫生组织生成的数据和算法来计算归因残疾调整生命年（DALYs）的数量。我们估计，在我们审查的90个国家中，有10,599至29,241个非正式ULAB加工场所对人类健康构成威胁。我们进一步估计有600万至1680万人暴露在这些地点，并计算出暴露儿童（0-4岁）的几何平均BLL为31.15 mg/dL，成人的几何平均BLL为21.2 mg/dL。根据我们的计算，2013年，这些接触导致了127,248至1,612,476个残疾年。非正式的ULAB加工目前正在低收入国家造成广泛的铅中毒。迫切需要确定和减轻现有场址的风险，并制定适当的政策应对措施，以尽量减少新场址的建立。
B A C K G R O U N D Prior calculations of the burden of disease from environmental lead exposure in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) have not included estimates of the burden from lead-contaminated sites because of a lack of exposure data, resulting in an underestimation of a serious public health problem.O B J E C T I V E We used publicly available statistics and detailed site assessment data to model the number of informal used lead-acid battery (ULAB) recyclers and the resulting exposures in 90 LMICs. We estimated blood lead levels (BLLs) using the US Environment Protection Agency's Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children and Adult Lead Model. Finally, we used data and algorithms generated by the World Health Organization to calculate the number of attributable disability adjusted life years (DALYs).R E S U L T S We estimated that there are 10,599 to 29,241 informal ULAB processing sites where human health is at risk in the 90 countries we reviewed. We further estimated that 6 to 16.8 million people are exposed at these sites and calculate a geometric mean BLL for exposed children (0-4 years of age) of 31.15 mg/dL and a geometric mean BLL for adults of 21.2 mg/dL. We calculated that these exposures resulted in 127,248 to 1,612,476 DALYs in 2013.C O N C L U S I O N S Informal ULAB processing is currently causing widespread lead poisoning in LMICs. There is an urgent need to identify and mitigate exposures at existing sites and to develop appropriate policy responses to minimize the creation of new sites.