Colonic health: Fermentation and short chain fatty acids
Colonic health: Fermentation and short chain fatty acids
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DOI：
10.1097/00004836-200603000-00015
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发表时间：
2006-03-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Jenkins, DJA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wong, JMW;de Souza, R;Jenkins, DJA
最近，随着益生元和益生菌的出现，旨在改善结肠和全身健康的短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）重新引起了人们的兴趣。膳食碳水化合物，特别是抗性淀粉和膳食纤维，是产生SCFA的发酵底物。主要是乙酸盐、丙酸盐和丁酸盐，其最终产物。SCFA产生的速率和量取决于结肠中存在的微生物群落的种类和数量、底物来源和肠道通过时间。SCFA易于吸收。丁酸盐是结肠细胞的主要能量来源。丙酸盐主要由肝脏吸收。醋酸盐进入外周循环，由外周组织代谢。特异性SCFA可降低发生胃肠道疾病、癌症和心血管疾病的风险。醋酸盐是结肠中主要的SCFA，在吸收后，它已被证明可以增加胆固醇的合成。然而，丙酸盐，它的代谢产物，已被证明可以抑制胆固醇的合成。因此，可以降低乙酸盐：丙酸盐比率的底物可以降低血脂和可能的心血管疾病风险。已研究丁酸盐通过促进细胞分化在营养结肠粘膜和预防结肠癌中的作用。细胞周期停滞和转化的结肠细胞的凋亡;抑制历史性脱乙酰酶，并减少结肠酸化导致的初级胆汁酸向次级胆汁酸的转化。因此。SCFA产生的更大增加以及潜在地更大的SCFA（特别是丁酸盐）递送到远端结肠可能导致其保护作用。丁酸盐冲洗（灌肠）也被建议用于治疗结肠炎。现在需要更多的人类研究。特别是碳水化合物底物的多样性和由其发酵产生的SCFA模式。短期和长期的人体研究特别需要与癌症风险标志物相关的油SCFA。这些研究将是饮食建议成功的关键，以最大限度地预防结肠疾病。
Interest hits been recently rekindled in short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) with the emergence of prebiotics and probiotics aimed at improving colonic and systemic health. Dietary carbohydrates, specifically resistant starches and dietary fiber, are substrates for fermentation that produce SCFAs. primarily acetate, propionate, and butyrate, its end products. The rate and amount of SCFA production depends on the species and amounts of microflora present in the colon, the substrate source and gut transit time. SCFAs are readily absorbed. Butyrate is the major energy source for colonocytes. Propionate is largely taken up by the liver. Acetate enters the peripheral circulation to be metabolized by peripheral tissues. Specific SCFA may reduce the risk of developing gastrointestinal disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Acetate is the principal SCFA in the colon, and after absorption it has been shown to increase cholesterol synthesis. However, propionate, it gluconeogenerator, has been shown to inhibit cholesterol synthesis. Therefore, Substrates that can decrease the acetate: propionate ratio may reduce serum lipids and possibly cardiovascular disease risk. Butyrate has been studied for its role in nourishing the colonic mucosa and in the prevention of cancer of the colon, by promoting cell differentiation. cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis of transformed colonocytes; inhibiting the enzyme historic deacetylase and decreasing the transformation of primary to secondary bile acids as a result of colonic acidification. Therefore. a greater increase in SCFA production and potentially it greater delivery of SCFA, specifically butyrate, to the distal colon may result in it protective effect. Butyrate irrigation (enema) has also been suggested in the treatment of, given colitis. More human Studies are now needed. especially, the diverse nature of carbohydrate substrates and the SCFA patterns resulting from their fermentation. Short-term and long-term human studies are particularly required oil SCFAs in relation to markers of cancer risk. These studies will be key to the success of dietary recommendations to maximize colonic disease prevention.