Interference competition and species coexistence
Interference competition and species coexistence
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2002.2181
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发表时间：
2002-12-22
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Amarasekare, P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Amarasekare, P
干扰竞争在自然界是普遍存在的。然而，它对资源开发的影响仍然存在，对竞争动态资源的物种的影响在很大程度上尚未被探索。在这里，我提出了一个具有明确资源动态的剥削和干涉竞争模型。该模型结合了生物和非生物资源。它考虑了经典意义上的干扰竞争（即每个物种通过来自其他物种的干扰和对其他物种的干扰而遭受人均增长率的净降低）和广义上的干扰竞争（即每个物种通过来自其他物种的干扰而遭受人均增长率的净降低，但可以通过对其他物种的干扰而经历增长率的增加）。即使在资源开发方面处于劣势的物种在干预方面处于优势的情况下，在经典的干涉竞争条件下也不能共存。然而，这种权衡可以将竞争排斥机制从优势资源开采者的优势转变为优先效应。在初始丰度较高的条件下，资源劣势者可以排挤资源优势者。相反，当干扰对相互作用的物种有利时，通过开发和干扰之间的权衡，共存是可能的。无论资源是生物还是非生物，这些结果都成立，表明剥削和干扰竞争的结果并不取决于资源动态的确切性质。该模型做出了两个关键预测。首先，参与代价高昂的干预机制（如领土争夺、过度生长或破坏、化感作用和其他形式的化学竞争）的物种不应能够共存，除非它们也参与有益的干预机制（如捕食或寄生）。第二，外来入侵物种取代本地生物群应该是优势资源开发者，对本地物种具有较强的干扰作用，而成本很少或为负。第一种预测为几种自然系统（包括植物、水生无脊椎动物和昆虫）中观察到的模式提供了一种潜在的解释。第二种预测得到了入侵植物和脊椎动物数据的支持。
Interference competition is ubiquitous in nature. Yet its effects on resource exploitation remain, largely unexplored for species that compete for dynamic resources. Here, I present a model of exploitative and interference competition with explicit resource dynamics. The model incorporates both biotic and abiotic resources. It considers interference competition both in the classical sense (i.e. each species suffers a net reduction in per capita growth rate via interference from, and interference on, the other species) and in the broad sense (i.e. each species suffers a net reduction in per capita growth rate via interference from, but can experience an increase in growth rate via interference on, the other species). Coexistence cannot occur under classical interference competition even when the species inferior at resource exploitation is superior at interference. Such a trade-off can, however, change the mechanism of competitive exclusion from dominance by the superior resource exploiter to a priority effect. Now the inferior resource exploiter can exclude the superior resource exploiter provided it has a higher initial abundance. By contrast, when interference is beneficial to the interacting species, coexistence is possible via a trade-off between exploitation and interference. These results hold regardless of whether the resource is biotic or abiotic, indicating that the outcome of exploitative and interference competition does not depend on the exact nature of resource dynamics. The model makes two key predictions. First, species that engage in costly interference mechanisms (e.g. territoriality, overgrowth or undercutting, allelopathy and other forms of chemical competition) should not be able to coexist unless they also engage in beneficial interference mechanisms (e.g. predation or parasitism). Second, exotic invasive species that displace native biota should be superior resource exploiters that have strong interference effects on native species with little or negative cost. The first prediction provides a potential explanation for patterns observed in several natural systems, including plants, aquatic invertebrates and insects. The second prediction is supported by data on invasive plants and vertebrates.