Ecological homogenization of soil properties in the American residential macrosystem
Ecological homogenization of soil properties in the American residential macrosystem
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DOI：
10.1002/ecs2.4208
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发表时间：
2022-09
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
C. D. Ryan;P. Groffman;J. Grove;S. Hall;J. Heffernan;S. Hobbie;D. Locke;J. Morse;C. Neill;K. Nelson;J. O'Neil-Dunne;R. Roy Chowdhury;M. Steele;T. Trammell
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文献类型：
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作者：
C. D. Ryan;P. Groffman;J. Grove;S. Hall;J. Heffernan;S. Hobbie;D. Locke;J. Morse;C. Neill;K. Nelson;J. O'Neil-Dunne;R. Roy Chowdhury;M. Steele;T. Trammell
过去 70 年来，美国普遍存在的土地利用变化是由本土生态系统转变为以草坪为主的居住生态系统。居住生态系统相似的发展模式和管理导致居住生态系统的许多特征在广阔的大陆梯度上比以前的本土生态系统更加相似。例如，通过灌溉和施肥进行的类似草坪管理有可能影响土壤碳 (C) 和氮 (N) 库和过程。我们评估了六个大都市区的土壤总碳和氮储量、潜在净氮矿化和硝化、土壤亚硝酸盐 (NO2−)/硝酸盐 (NO3−) 和铵 (NH4+) 库、微生物生物量碳和氮含量、微生物呼吸、容重、土壤 pH 值以及住宅草坪和本地生态系统的水分含量的平均值和变异性。 美国的气候梯度：马里兰州巴尔的摩 (BAL)；马萨诸塞州波士顿 (BOS)；加利福尼亚州洛杉矶 (LAX)；佛罗里达州迈阿密 (MIA)；明尼阿波利斯-圣。明尼苏达州保罗 (MSP)；和亚利桑那州菲尼克斯 (PHX)。我们观察到草坪土壤中氮循环较高的证据，包括土壤 NO2−/NO3−、微生物氮库和潜在净硝化作用的显着增加，以及 NH4+ 库的显着减少。自我报告的前一年庭院肥料施用量与 NO2−/NO3− 含量增加以及土壤总氮和碳含量减少有关。上一年自我报告的灌溉与潜在净矿化和潜在净硝化的减少以及容重和 pH 值的增加有关。住宅表土的总土壤碳含量高于本地表土，并且在两个最干旱的城市（洛杉矶和PHX）中，住宅表土的微生物生物量碳含量显着更高。所有城市的大多数生物地球化学指标的变异系数在原生土壤中均高于住宅土壤，这表明住宅开发使大陆范围内的土壤性质和过程均质化。
The conversion of native ecosystems to residential ecosystems dominated by lawns has been a prevailing land‐use change in the United States over the past 70 years. Similar development patterns and management of residential ecosystems cause many characteristics of residential ecosystems to be more similar to each other across broad continental gradients than that of former native ecosystems. For instance, similar lawn management by irrigation and fertilizer applications has the potential to influence soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools and processes. We evaluated the mean and variability of total soil C and N stocks, potential net N mineralization and nitrification, soil nitrite (NO2−)/nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) pools, microbial biomass C and N content, microbial respiration, bulk density, soil pH, and moisture content in residential lawns and native ecosystems in six metropolitan areas across a broad climatic gradient in the United States: Baltimore, MD (BAL); Boston, MA (BOS); Los Angeles, CA (LAX); Miami, FL (MIA); Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN (MSP); and Phoenix, AZ (PHX). We observed evidence of higher N cycling in lawn soils, including significant increases in soil NO2−/NO3−, microbial N pools, and potential net nitrification, and significant decreases in NH4+pools. Self‐reported yard fertilizer application in the previous year was linked with increased NO2−/ NO3−content and decreases in total soil N and C content. Self‐reported irrigation in the previous year was associated with decreases in potential net mineralization and potential net nitrification and with increases in bulk density and pH. Residential topsoil had higher total soil C than native topsoil, and microbial biomass C was markedly higher in residential topsoil in the two driest cities (LAX and PHX). Coefficients of variation for most biogeochemical metrics were higher in native soils than in residential soils across all cities, suggesting that residential development homogenizes soil properties and processes at the continental scale.